What Do Blind People See

Its common for a sighted person to wonder what blind people see or for a blind person to wonder whether the experience is the same for others without sight. There is no single answer to the question, What do blind people see? because there are different degrees of blindness. Also, since its the brain that sees information, it matters whether a person ever had sight. What Blind People Actually See Blind From Birth: A person who has never had sight doesnt see. Samuel, who was born blind, tells ThoughtCo  that saying that a blind person sees black is incorrect because that person often has no other sensation of sight to compare against. Its just nothingness, he says. For a sighted person, it can be helpful to think of it like this: Close one eye and use the open eye to focus on something. What does the closed eye see? Nothing. Another analogy is to compare a blind persons sight to what you see with your elbow.   Went Totally Blind: People who have lost their sight have different experiences. Some describe seeing complete darkness, like being in a cave. Some people see sparks or experience vivid visual hallucinations that may take the form of recognizable shapes, random shapes, and colors, or flashes of light. The visions are a hallmark of Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS). CBS may be lasting or transient in nature. It is not a mental illness and is not associated with brain damage. In addition to total blindness, there is functional blindness. Definitions of functional blindness vary from one country to the next. In the United States, it refers to visual impairment where vision in the better eye with the best correction with glasses is worse than 20/200. The World Health Organization defines blindness as having vision in the best eye corrected to not better than 20/500 or having less than 10 degrees of vision. What functionally blind people see depends on the severity of blindness and the form of impairment. Legally Blind: A person may be able to see large objects and people, but they are out of focus. A legally blind person may see colors or see in focus at a certain distance (e.g., be able to count fingers in front of the face). In other cases, color acuity may be lost or all vision is hazy. The experience is highly variable. Joey, who has 20/400 vision, tells ThoughtCo that he constantly sees neon speckles that are always moving and changing colors.   Light Perception: A person who still has light perception cant form clear images, but can tell when the lights are on or off. Tunnel Vision: Vision may be relatively normal (or not), but only within a certain radius. A person with tunnel vision cant see objects except within a cone of less than 10 degrees. Do Blind People See in Their Dreams? A person who is born blind has dreams but doesnt see images. Dreams could include sounds, tactile information, odors, flavors, and feelings.  On the other hand, if a person has sight and then loses it, dreams may include images. People who have impaired vision (legally blind) do see  in their dreams. The appearance of objects in dreams depends on the type and history of blindness. Mostly, the vision in dreams is comparable to the range of vision the person has had throughout life. For example, someone who has color blindness wont suddenly see new colors while dreaming. A person whose vision degraded over time might dream with the perfect clarity of earlier days or might dream at present acuity. Sighted people who wear corrective lenses have much the same experience. A dream may be perfectly in focus or not. Its all based on experience gathered over time. Someone who is blind yet perceives flashes of light and color from Charles Bonnet syndrome may incorporate these experiences in to dreams. Curiously, the rapid eye movement that characterizes REM sleep occurs in some blind people, even if they do not see images in dreams. Cases in which rapid eye movement does not occur are more likely when a person has been blind either since birth or else lost sight at a very young age. Perceiving Light Non-Visually Although its not the type of vision that produces images, its possible some people who are totally blind perceive light non-visually. The evidence started with a 1923 research project conducted by Harvard graduate student Clyde Keeler. Keeler bred mice that had a mutation in which their eyes lacked retinal photoreceptors. Although the mice lacked the rods and cones needed for vision, their pupils reacted to light and they maintained circadian rhythms set by day-night cycles. Eighty years later, scientists discovered special cells called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in mouse and human eyes. The ipRGCs are found on the nerves that conduct signals from the retina to the brain rather than on the retina itself. The cells detect light while not contributing to vision. Thus, if a person has at least one eye that can receive light (sighted or not), he or she can theoretically sense light and dark. References J. Alan Hobson, Edward F. Pace-Scott, Robert Stickgold (2000), â€Å"Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states†,  Behavioral and Brain Sciences  23.Schultz, G; Melzack, R (1991). The Charles Bonnet syndrome: phantom visual images.  Perception.  20  (6): 809–25.

What Purpose Does Religion Serve Why Does Religion Continue

What purpose does religion serve? Why does religion continue to play an important role in human life? Koenig (2009) declared that atheism is rare, and rather, 90% of the world’s population practices religion or spirituality. Religion and spirituality have ambiguous meanings and are not universally defined. Although difficult to adequately define, Koenig (2009) inferred that â€Å"religion is rooted in an established tradition that arises out of a group of people with common beliefs and practices concerning the sacred† (p. 284). Spirituality, however, is often defined on an individual basis and not necessarily connected to religious beliefs (Koenig, 2009). Researchers often relate spirituality to personal interaction with spiritual entities†¦show more content†¦Moreover, researchers have correlated religion with increased life expectancy, longevity, and lower mortality rates (Chiswick Mirtcheva, 2013; George et al., 2000; Lee Newberg, 2005; Marks, 2005). Evide ntly, religion and spirituality produce positive biological health outcomes. Furthermore, religion and spirituality positively affect psychological aspects of health. George et al. (2000) declared that religious involvement is associated with positive mental health outcomes such as a lower prevalence of anxiety and depression. Other research similarly presents religion as a protective factor against depression, anxiety, and suicide (Chiswick Mirtcheva, 2013; Koenig, 2009; Lee Newberg, 2005). In addition to deterring mental health issues, religion and spirituality facilitate positive mental orientations such as happiness, increased self-esteem, and improved life satisfaction (Lee Newberg, 2005; Marks, 2005). There are many benefits of religion and spirituality for psychological health. Finally, research often associates religion and spirituality with healthy behavioural and lifestyle choices. For example, Koenig (2009) declared that religion often discourages potentially destructive behaviours like substance abuse, resulting in religious individuals performing these behavioursShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between Extrinsic And Intrinsic Religious Expression854 Words   |  4 Pages1. As found in the Livingston text the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic religious expressions is as follows, extrinsic is the people who find religion to be useful and can provide things like social status while intrinsic is people who use religion for themselves rather than an external reward such has social status. James’ is more interested in the self-surrender type of conversion. Extrinsic and intrinsic religious expression is related to James’s notion of conversion because JamesRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status1101 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. 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In this paper, I will discuss how the Divine Command Theory and the Natural Law Theory differ and how theRead MoreAn Analysis Of Annie Dillard s An American Childhood1192 Words   |  5 PagesReligion in An American Childhood Recalling her adolescence through the memoir, An American Childhood, Annie Dillard displays the impact of religion on her development. Although her family immerses themselves in knowledgeable literature, including, â€Å"Life of the Mississippi† (6) and â€Å"The Field Book of Ponds and Streams† (81), they maintain a passive relationship with religion. Observing her parents disinterest in theology, Dillard diverges from traditional Anglo-Christian beliefs and instead embraces

Civil Disobedience By Thoreau Essay Example For Students

Civil Disobedience By Thoreau Essay Philosophers, historians, authors, and politicians have spent centuries pondering the relationship between citizens and their government. It is a question that has as many considerations as there are forms of government and it is rarely answered satisfactorily. A relatively modern theorist, author Henry Thoreau, introduced an idea of man as an individual, rather than a subject, by thoroughly describing the way a citizen should live many of his works. He indirectly supplements the arguments he presents in his essay Civil Disobedience through a comprehensive selection of adages found in his other works. In particular, the phrases A simple and independent mind does not toil at the bidding of any prince and To be awake is to be alive. I have never met a man who is quite awake support many of the arguments in Civil Disobedience because they help to explicate the complex ideas Thoreau presents. The phrase A simple and independent mind does not toil at the bidding of any prince regards the responsibilities of a man to his own consciousnessit is a duty that can not be revoked by any form of tyrant. Rather than hinting at a type of anarchy, this statement merely describes each mans duty to performing justice in all his actions. This does not refer to any mans duty to devote himself to the eradication of any, even the most enormous wrong; he may still properly have other concerns to engage him; but it is his duty, at least, to wash his hands of it, and, if he gives it no thought longer, not to give it practically his support (681). The term simple does not refer to an underdeveloped sense of morality; it describes a state of mind in which the concept of justice is so defined that contradictions cannot exist. To toil, as it is presented in this quotation, means to sacrifice ideals for the sake of conformity or law. The only real power the State holds over any individual is the promise of brute force; it never intentionally confronts a mans sense, intellectual or moral, but only his body, his senses (687). Therefore, many acts the State requires will be unjustthey can and will force a man to slave for the sake of an ordeal he does not believe in. As Thoreau notes in Civil Disobedience, a wise man will only be useful as a man (678). In essence, Thoreau believes that a man who toils at any ruling institutions bidding simply because it bid him to do so sacrifices his own facilities as a human being. He then becomes nothing more than a man put on a level with wood and earth and stones Commanding no more respect than men of straw, or a lump of dirt (678). Another quotation that helps to explicate Thoreaus Civil Disobedience is To be awake is to be alive. I have never yet met a man who was quite awake. In this phrase, Thoreau uses the term awake as an euphemism for being fully aware of ones concept of right and fully in control of ones moral and physical existence. Understandably, people who are consistently awake, in this sense of the word, are hard to find: There are nine hundred and ninety-nine patrons of virtue to one virtuous man (680). Also, the fact that Thoreau has never met a man who was quite awake implies that fully conscious individuals have difficulty existing in modern society. In fact, Thoreau believes that no man with a genius for legislation has appeared in America. They are rare in the history of the world (692). Perhaps, by the word awake, and its equation with alive, Thoreau is also referring to the ability to fulfill his own mission: I came into this world, not chiefly to make this a good place to live in, but to live in it, be it good or bad (683). Although this concept is not a particularly unique one, it is nearly impossible to fulfill completelybut to fulfill it partially is useless. As a living being, one must cast your whole vote, not a strip of paper merely, but your whole influence (684). To truly be alive, one must be consciously satisfied with every passing moment. Through his conscientious support of every facet of his philosophy, Thoreau effectively proves his statements regarding citizenship and government. He remains consistent to nearly every idea he presents and therefore surrounds them with a seriousness that cannot be ignored. .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 , .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .postImageUrl , .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 , .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201:hover , .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201:visited , .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201:active { border:0!important; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201:active , .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201 .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5462a3342de687d39d3a6aaa1e08201:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reservoir Dogs EssayBibliography Thoreau, Henry. Civil Disobedience. Elements of Argument: A text and Reader. Ed. Annette T. Rottenberg. 6th .

Of Mice And Men (term Paper On Loneliness Essay Example For Students

Of Mice And Men (term Paper On Loneliness Essay In terms of emotional stability, there is only one thing in life that is really needed and that is friends. Without friends, people would suffer from loneliness and solitude. Loneliness leads to low self-esteem and deprivation. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, the characters, Crooks, Candy, and Curlys wife all exhibit some form of loneliness. They are driven towards the curiosity of George and Lennies friendship because they do not have that support in their life. Through his novel, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck demonstrates that often times, a victim of isolation will have a never-ending search to fulfill a friendship. A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont matter no difference who the guy is, longs he with you. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick (Steinbeck, 13)Crooks is a black man that experiences isolation because the society in which he resides is racist. As a result, the previous quote was his means of finding a personal connection to Lennie. Lik e Lennie, Crooks has a relationship with loneliness. He knows that when people get lonely, they tend to get sick. Studies show that people who suffer from loneliness have higher incidence of health problems. This can be determined based on his emotional behavior. A 1998 study showed that 50 percent of patients with heart disease who reported feeling very isolated were not married and had no one in whole they could communicate with, died within five years. (ub-counseling.buffalo.edu) At the rate Crooks is headed, he will probably die in a short period of time. Gerontology stated seniors, who attend church at least weekly, live longer than those who dont. By attending church, the attendees maintain a relationship with god and have the ability to relieve themselves of loneliness. They can deal with their severe problem of loneliness through attending church or other social events and in turn, live longer. Crooks is rejected from every group of people and cannot socially interact with o thers. Loneliness can result from rejection (Couns.uiuc.edu/loneline.htm) Although discrimination is still present during the time period of the book (early 20th century), Crooks still attempts to make friends. Others treat Crooks unjust because he is different from others given that he is black. He does not know how to treat others because of the way others treat him; with disrespect. Furthermore, he does not know how to vent his frustration and as a result, lashes out at others because they are cruel to him. Crooks is not allowed to participate in daily events with white people. He is treated unfairly and therefore acts the same way toward the white people (the ones who offended him.)Cause Im black. They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im Black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, you all stink to me! (Steinbeck, 75)Nobody likes to be forced to live in a barn, let alone to work only with the horses. Crooks spent most of his nights reading and he keeps away from others because of the way he is treated and this eventually leads to his very own emotional downfall. He is treated as an outcast and is forced to find friendship the only way he can, through the books that he reads. The Counseling Center of the University of Buffalo said that: When you are alone, use the time to enjoy yourself. For example, listen to music or watch a favorite television show. Do not spend the time eating endlessly or worrying about your problems. (Karlene Robinson, www.ub-counseling.buffalo.edu) Obviously Crooks is aware of his problem and tries to cope with it through books and magazines. Crooks is fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George, especially how close they are. Crooks said, Well, spose, jus spose he dont come back. Whatll you do then? (Steinbeck, 79) Crooks asks these questions because he does not have any friends. He was curious about the friendship of Lennie and George. He wants the people to feel the way that he did when he was lonely, having nobody with them. He is striving to achieve sympathy and understanding from others. Crooks would work for nothing if it meant communicating with others. Crooks offers his services to clear out his problems of loneliness. If youguys would want a hand to work for nothing just his keep, why Id come an lend a hand. I aint so cippled I cant work like a son-of-a-bitch if I want to. (Steinbeck, 84) This quote supports that he is attracted to the friendship of Lennie and George. It also proves that all Crooks wants to do was talk to people, and he will do anything for it, even work like a son-of-a-bitch.Candy, an old, physically disabled swamper, has worked on the ranch practically his whole life. When Candy was on the ranch, he got into an accident that cost him a physical handicap. Farm machinery took away his hand, leaving him money and loneliness. The Counseling Center of the University of Buffalo said that loneliness means to also feel: excluded from a group or a result of a tragedy. As a result of Candys age and disability he has a feeling of uselessness. Since Candy feels that he is old, he places himself in a state of mind that handicaps him more than his missing hand ever will. He looks down on himself as an old worthless man wasting away his last few years. He is often afraid of losing his work, not to mention is whole life. I got hurt four years ago. Theyll can me purty soon. Jus as soon as I cant swamp out no bunk houses theyll put me on the county. (Steinbeck, 66)Candy is so down that he puts himself into a state of solitude. He is often allowed to go out with the other guys, but he always refuses due to his negative aspect towards himself. Candy thinks that nobody wants to be friends with him because of his disability. Eventually, he tries to find a friendship by attempting to join the dream of George and Lennie, to own and run their own little ranch. This is one of Candys desperate attempts to find a place in society and meaning in life. Candy offered his services to become a part of George and Lennies friendship and dream. .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .postImageUrl , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:hover , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:visited , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:active { border:0!important; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:active , .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1 .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u452bda95fac43a02512c05ee8a952ed1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Annotated Bibliography EssayIll wash dishes an little chick stuff like that. But Ill be on your own place, an Ill be let to work on our own place. (Steinbeck, 66)Candy was attempting to overcome his loneliness and regain a positive outlook by seeking out situations that enable him to get involved with other ranchers. It is quite possible that he was sad and lonely because he was in search of the right person to be friends with. After Candy lost his dog, he felt much more lonely than he was before. The dog was something that Candy had owned and confided with within his years. He felt worthless because now he didnt own a single important thing. Candy and his dog had the same relationship that George and Lennie had shared for so many years. While Lennie had George and the ranchers had each other, Candy did not have anybody and this put him in a condition of sorrow and depression. Every character in the book is different and no protagonists act alike. Nobody in the book shared the same interests and/or dreams as Candy did. This is why he tried so hard to gain the attention and friendship of Lennie and George. He offers everything that he had to support the friendship including money, but money will never buy genuine friendship. Maybe if I give you money, youll let me how in the garden even after I aint no good at it. (Steinbeck, 66) All of these characters are alike because, not only were they affected by loneliness, they were always in search for ways to solve these dilemmas. Another character who possesses the same inner conflict of loneliness is Curleys wife. Curleys wife is a tease to everybody on the ranch. She will dress and act sort of like a whore. She makes use of her stunning body to gain the attention of the ranchers to sooth her loneliness. These acts give her a sense of relief and made her feel wanted so she can share her personal concerns and experiences. Because of her reputation for being a flirt, none of the farmhands wants to talk to her, but no matter how hard she tries, she can never fit in. Curleys, insecure feelings towards his wife, forces her into flirting with the other ranchers. Curleys wife also dressed rather slutty and fairly bare. One sign of loneliness is when You become overly critical of your physical appearance. (www.ub-counseling. buffalo.edu) Many people do not want to talk to her because of her reputation for being a flirt and bothering others. Maybe you better go along to you own house now. We dont want no trouble. (Steinbeck, 85)Curleys wife notices how simple-minded Lennie is and takes advantage of that situation. She knows that he would be the only one where she could discuss her problems that she deals with everyday. Loneliness is caused when you feel theres no one in your life with whom you can share your feelings and experiences. (Www.cound.uiuc.edu/loneline.htm) One problem that Curleys wife was unaware of, was Lennies curiosity and interest in soft objects. When Curleys wife was done explaining her problems to somebody that could care less about them, she asked him to stroke her hair. But when she began to yell at Lennie, he just pulled her hair tighter. This leads to the death of Curlys wife and now she will not have to worry about being lonely ever again. This could be thought of as a misfortune, but as a positive aspect as well because it ended her suffering. Curlys wifes case of loneliness was the most severe throughout the novel. She struggled in her society to find somebody that she could consult with. She tried and would do anything imaginable to dispatch her one psychological disorder, loneliness. Loneliness is an inevitable fact of life that not even the strongest can avoid. Throughout the story, Of Mice and Men, the reader discovers the many sources of solitude, primarily being discrimination and prejudice. Crooks, Candy and Curleys wife all suffer the previous injustices resulting in loneliness and isolation. They learn to cope with their loneliness through their interest in Lennie and Georges friendship. In some ways they are even envious of the bond. Often times, a victim of isolation will have a never-ending strive to fulfill a friendship.