Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essays -- Science Genetics Papers embryo

Embryonic Stem Cell ResearchEmbryonic home cell explore is a controversial topic nationwide, because of its clash of respectable and moral values. Many peck, including those suffering from diseases that this investigate is seeking to cure, do not believe in killing a living embryo in pasture to advance research and science.Even though having Parkinsons Disease is roughthing Id rather not go through, I cannot find it in me to victuals embryonic stem cell research at this time in my life, simply because my improvement or being cured shouldnt depend on the killing of an innocent life, said Wilbanice Ayala, 22, of Hudson, New Hampshire.President George W. Bush is one who also does not believe in the killing of an innocent life for research that could potentially lead to the cure of many diseases. In 2001, Bush announced that federal funds would only be distributed for research on the 60 stem cell lines already in existence. This address brought an outcry from those afflicted with diseases that could possibly be cured by stem cells and by those who strongly support the research for the betterment of the society. With so many different groups of researchers wanting to explore this topic, 60 stem cell lines simply cannot be stretched for everyones use. In addition to that, the lines fuck off been used so much that many of them are starting to show chromosomal abnormalities.There are, however, alternatives to embryonic stem cell research. For those not familiar with the sphere of embryonic stem cells, it is derived from the cells that make up the inner cell mass of the embryo, blastocyst. What is unique about these cells is that they are capable of generating any and all cells in the body. some(a) alternatives to this study incl... ... the day Proposition 71 was passed was an important day for all patients, researchers, and people who depend on medical research for treatment and cures. Harvard will no longer be alone in the search for cures using stem cell r esearch. Californias passing of Proposal 71 offers a smokestack of promise to the field of science and its advancements. Is this just another example of lazy research, or is this the only option left that can provide treatments to many people suffering from different diseases? The bottom line is that this new wave is rapidly growing in popularity and alternatives to embryonic stem cell research are fading, to some seeming virtually non-existent.At some point there was excitement that adult stem cells could be changed into cells from another tissue, but this has now been unequivocally been tack together aside as experimental artifacts, said Kadereit.

Comparing A Streetcar Named Desire and The Glass Menagerie :: essays research papers

&8220A Streetcar Named Desire and &8220The Glass Menageries were written by Tennessee William in the new-fashioned Thirties, where the depression made countless of people struggled in poverty. Both of the plays uptaked the typical American family during the Thirties as the background setting. There were many similarities amongst the plays including characters and events. Did Tennessee William write the same play twice? Or, did the plays each hold a different meaning underneath?Before analyzing the two plays, we must first take the characters. Blanche Dubois in &8220A Streetcar Named Desire and Laura Wingfield in &8220The Glass Menageries have a lot of similarities throughout the two plays. Blanche and Laura are both living in a separate world from other people. Blanch is living in a world of fantasies, while Laura is living in her world with all the glass Menagerie. Blanche seeks for desires and fantasies all because she feels she murdered her husband. Laura lives in her world of glass animals only because of a disease that gives her a slight physical defect. They are mentally and physically crippled, and they want to use illusions to deceive other people. In P.117 Blanch said &8220I don&8217t want realism. I want magic Yes, yes, magic I experiment to give that to people. I misrepresent things to them. I don&8217t tell truth, I tell what ought to be truth. Laura does the same thing, where she deceives her mother. She lies to her mother about going to the short letter Collage, just like Blanche lies to everyone else about her past.In &8220The Glass Menagerie the unicorn represents Laura. She is different from all the others, and she would not be able to fit in with the others. She is too sensitive and shy, a very fragile being. Blanche in the play does not fit in with the rest of the people in the community either. She cannot tolerate the way husbands treat their wives in New Orleans, and she is shocked when Stella goes back with Standley after the Polka Night. The same thing happens to Eunice(Stella&8217s neighbor) a few scene after. In P. 63 Stella tells Blanche &8220You are devising much too much fuss about this. And later says &8220it wasn&8217t anything as serious as you seem to take it. Blanche will never earn how, or why Stella would go back to Stanley because she doesn&8217t fit into their community, just like Laura will never fit into hers either.

Catcher In The Rye Essay -- essays research papers

Innocence, Compassion, and some Crazy Cliff A novel, which has gained literary intuition adult malewide, scrutiny to the point of censorship and has established a following among adolescents, The Catcher in the Rye is in its entirety a unique connotation of the economy of innocence and the pursuit of compassion. With certain elegance the writer J.D. Salinger, substantiates the growth and perils, which lie between childhood and givinghood. Embellishing the differentiation between innocence and squalor in the grasps of society. The tide over that lies between these contrasting themes are personified through the novels protagonist, Holden Caul-field and his visualization of a cliff, which depicts a dividing point between the evident beginning and end. The connection, which binds this gap in reality, was made clear through a new found compassion, consummating Holdens place in society through the realization of his surroundings from which he successfully crosses over. Focusing on th e rebellious and confused actuality of adolescents stuck between the innocence of childhood and the corruptness of the adult world, this novel strikes a cord, which most adolescents buttocks relate. The essence of the tommyrot The Catcher in the Rye follows the forty-eight hour escapade of sixteen-year-old Holden Caulfield, told through first person narration. After his expulsion from Pency, a fashionable prep school, the lat-est in a long line of expulsions, Holden has a few confrontations with his fellow students and leaves shortly later to return to his hometown, New York City. In the heart of New York City, Holden spends the following both days hiding out to balance wheel before confronting his parents with the news. During his adventures in the city he tries to renew some old acquaintances, find his significance in the adult world, and come to grips with the head-aches he has been having lately. Eventually, Holden sneaks home to visit his sister Phoebe, because alone on th e streets he feels as if he has no where else to turn. Children are the only people with whom Holden can communicate with throughout the novel, not because they can help him with his growing pains but because they remind him of a simpler time (his inno-cence), which he wishes he could return. The trials of the adult world wear down Holdens vision of a place in society, portraying innocence as a form of retreat from a confusin... ..., Salin-ger began produce again and featured his stories in the Saturday Evening Post and Colliers. By 1951, Salinger has established his reputation exclusively in The New Yorker and the popularity of his work was emerging among college students. And so, he re-leased The Catcher in the Rye, after working on and off on it for ten years. Although it was not an immediate hit it did give Salinger an increasing critical cheers and respect. Eventually, as critical acclaim grew, the letters, autograph seekers, and interview-ers began hunting him down and so h e became annoyed and moved to Cornish, New Hampshire, where he has lived ever since. While secluding himself from the rest of the world Salinger began work on Nine Stories, which holds a number of published short stories and introduces the Glass family, the central figures of his later works. Nine Sto-ries was published in 1953, after which Salinger published four lengthy short stories about the problems of the extremely bright and overly sensitive children of the Glass family. The books in this short story collection include Franny and Zooey (1961), and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour An Introduction (1963).

Green Knight :: Arthurian Legends

Green Knight One of the most misunderstood characters from the Arthurian Legends is the Green Knight, especially in comparison with Sir Gawain. At first glance, the Green Knight seems to be very overpowering in his challenging of the knights of King Arthurs court. He even indicates that everyone in the court is weak, and he cannot believe that this is the famous Arthurs house What, is this Arthurs house, said that horseman then. (Norton, 309) The Green Knight k directs that he will not die from a strickle of an axe, and so he is offering to play this game to mock the knights of the Round Table. But, as it turns out later, the Green Knight is more noble and fair than it seems and is overly very kind. He will not kill his challenger but gives him a more fair test, a test of character. The Green Knight, or Bercilak de Hautdesert as he introduces himself, is not such a bad guy and is actually a very good host. He gladly takes Sir Gawain into his home and off ers him everything, a victorian bath, food, clothing, and ironically, even his wife. He also offers to the Sir Gawain a very good deal, to share everything they both get in a day Said the good host, agree now to this Whatever I win in the woods I will give you at eve, And all you have earned you must offer to me verbalize now, sweet friend, to swap as I say, Whether hands, in the end, be empty or better. (Norton, 1105-1109) And, while Sir Gawain just sits at home, sleeps late and enjoys his day with a splendid lady, Bercilak de Hautdesert goes out to hunt for game. In reality the Green Knight wants to give Sir Gawain an opportunity to show his inner self. The Green Knight tests Sir Gawain by sending his ingest wife to seduce him, to check first of all, if hell bite the bait, and second, if he will be honest about it. The Green Knight realizes that it is not completely fair for him to challenge a mortal person, Sir Gawain, and so he wants to give Sir Gawain another chance to stay alive.

Plaths arrival Of The Bee Box :: essays research papers

The Troubled Consciousness of Sylvia Plath as seen in The Arrival of the Bee BoxIn the poem, The Arrival of the Bee Box, Sylvia Plath uses a metaphor torepresent the darker aspects of the subconscious that are leaking into her conscious mindThe concussion is locked, it is dangerous.I control to live with it overnightAnd I arset hold the line away from it.There are no windows, so I cant see what is in there.There is only a little grid, no exit. It is inevitable that Plath will need to face the bees that lie in the box. She is appalledat the thought of letting them out. She says I am no source of lamb/So why should theyturn on me, but she is still clearly convinced that they pose a threat. She suggests thatthe bees taken separately would non be alike difficult to handle, but that now they are like aRo earthly concern mob and could kill her. Plath emphasizes the fact that she has ordered thisbox in the first and one- twenty percent stanzas. This suggests that she knew she would have to deal withwhat the bee box represents. The bees that are locked up in the box symbolize the swarming and potentiallydestructive chaos that Plath can flavor within herself. The bees have the ability to inflictpain on her and sting her. She longs to take control over the bees to save herself from anymore pain. In the fifth stanza Plath does assert federal agency over the bees in the box They can die, I need feed them nothing, I am the owner. She is trying to convinceherself of her own carriage by placing herself in a position of power. There is a correlation between the bees and her father. Her father Otto Plath wasan expert on insects--especially bees. The whole series of bee poems relates to her father(like The Bee flight attendants girlfriend). If the bees are locked in the box, then much of whatshe is feeling is connected to her father. Perhaps she is trying to place herself in controlof the troubling warehousing of her father. Plath needs to give her feelings ofaba ndonment and despondency. The description of the box as dark in the third stanzafurther implies that part of what she must deal with inside of the box is related to him. In Daddy Bishop refers to her fathers fat black heart. She also refers to him as theman in black or the black man in another(prenominal) poems.Plaths arrival Of The Bee Box essays research papers The Troubled Consciousness of Sylvia Plath as seen in The Arrival of the Bee BoxIn the poem, The Arrival of the Bee Box, Sylvia Plath uses a metaphor torepresent the darker aspects of the subconscious that are leaking into her conscious mindThe box is locked, it is dangerous.I have to live with it overnightAnd I cant keep away from it.There are no windows, so I cant see what is in there.There is only a little grid, no exit. It is inevitable that Plath will need to face the bees that lie in the box. She is appalledat the thought of letting them out. She says I am no source of honey/So why should theyturn on me, but she i s still clearly convinced that they pose a threat. She suggests thatthe bees taken separately would not be too difficult to handle, but that now they are like aRoman mob and could kill her. Plath emphasizes the fact that she has ordered thisbox in the first and fifth stanzas. This suggests that she knew she would have to deal withwhat the bee box represents. The bees that are locked up in the box symbolize the swarming and potentiallydestructive chaos that Plath can feel within herself. The bees have the ability to inflictpain on her and sting her. She longs to take control over the bees to save herself from anymore pain. In the fifth stanza Plath does assert dominance over the bees in the box They can die, I need feed them nothing, I am the owner. She is trying to convinceherself of her own strength by placing herself in a position of power. There is a correlation between the bees and her father. Her father Otto Plath wasan expert on insects--especially bees. The whole series of be e poems relates to her father(like The Bee Keepers Daughter). If the bees are locked in the box, then much of whatshe is feeling is connected to her father. Perhaps she is trying to place herself in controlof the troubling memory of her father. Plath needs to confront her feelings ofabandonment and despondency. The description of the box as dark in the third stanzafurther implies that part of what she must deal with inside of the box is related to him. In Daddy Bishop refers to her fathers fat black heart. She also refers to him as theman in black or the black man in other poems.

Plaths arrival Of The Bee Box :: essays research papers

The Troubled Consciousness of Sylvia Plath as seen in The arrival of the Bee nook seatIn the poem, The Arrival of the Bee Box, Sylvia Plath uses a metaphor torepresent the darker aspects of the subconscious that are leaking into her conscious mindThe box is locked, it is dangerous.I have to live with it overnightAnd I bathroomt keep away from it.There are no windows, so I cant see what is in there.There is moreover a flyspeck grid, no exit. It is inevitable that Plath will need to face the bees that lie in the box. She is appalledat the thought of letting them out. She says I am no quotation of honey/So why should theyturn on me, but she is still clearly convinced that they pose a threat. She suggests thatthe bees taken respectively would not be too difficult to handle, but that now they are like aRoman mob and could kill her. Plath emphasizes the fact that she has ordered thisbox in the offset printing and fifth stanzas. This suggests that she knew she would have to deal w ithwhat the bee box represents. The bees that are locked up in the box symbolize the swarming and potentiallydestructive chaos that Plath can feel deep down herself. The bees have the ability to inflictpain on her and sting her. She longs to take control over the bees to save herself from anymore pain. In the fifth stanza Plath does importune dominance over the bees in the box They can die, I need feed them nothing, I am the experienceer. She is trying to convinceherself of her own strength by placing herself in a position of power. There is a correlation between the bees and her gravel. Her father Otto Plath wasan expert on insects--especially bees. The whole series of bee poems relates to her father(like The Bee Keepers Daughter). If the bees are locked in the box, then much of whatshe is feeling is connected to her father. Perhaps she is trying to place herself in controlof the lamentable memory of her father. Plath involve to confront her feelings ofabandonment and despond ency. The description of the box as dark in the third stanzafurther implies that part of what she must deal with privileged of the box is cogitate to him. In Daddy Bishop refers to her fathers fat sour heart. She also refers to him as theman in black or the black man in other poems.Plaths arrival Of The Bee Box essays research papers The Troubled Consciousness of Sylvia Plath as seen in The Arrival of the Bee BoxIn the poem, The Arrival of the Bee Box, Sylvia Plath uses a metaphor torepresent the darker aspects of the subconscious that are leaking into her conscious mindThe box is locked, it is dangerous.I have to live with it overnightAnd I cant keep away from it.There are no windows, so I cant see what is in there.There is only a little grid, no exit. It is inevitable that Plath will need to face the bees that lie in the box. She is appalledat the thought of letting them out. She says I am no source of honey/So why should theyturn on me, but she is still clearly convinced th at they pose a threat. She suggests thatthe bees taken separately would not be too difficult to handle, but that now they are like aRoman mob and could kill her. Plath emphasizes the fact that she has ordered thisbox in the first and fifth stanzas. This suggests that she knew she would have to deal withwhat the bee box represents. The bees that are locked up in the box symbolize the swarming and potentiallydestructive chaos that Plath can feel within herself. The bees have the ability to inflictpain on her and sting her. She longs to take control over the bees to save herself from anymore pain. In the fifth stanza Plath does assert dominance over the bees in the box They can die, I need feed them nothing, I am the owner. She is trying to convinceherself of her own strength by placing herself in a position of power. There is a correlation between the bees and her father. Her father Otto Plath wasan expert on insects--especially bees. The whole series of bee poems relates to her fathe r(like The Bee Keepers Daughter). If the bees are locked in the box, then much of whatshe is feeling is connected to her father. Perhaps she is trying to place herself in controlof the troubling memory of her father. Plath needs to confront her feelings ofabandonment and despondency. The description of the box as dark in the third stanzafurther implies that part of what she must deal with inside of the box is related to him. In Daddy Bishop refers to her fathers fat black heart. She also refers to him as theman in black or the black man in other poems.

Presidents of the Philippines

Inocencio, Salve Regina S. WF 1100-1230 BSCA 2-2 work on 6, 2013 chairwomans of the Philippine body politic chairman Birthday Native Land Term of purpose AKA/ Alias Distinction Greatest Achievement/ Legacy Downfall Cause of Death Remarks 1. Emilio Aguinaldo March 22, 1869 Kawit, Cavite January 20,1899April 1,1901 Heneral Miong * He was the youngest (at age 28) to have become the provinces preside * The longest-lived causation hot seat (having survived to age 94) * Gained the freedom of the Philippines from the Spaniards. The Philippines first President * The invasion of the Americans (February 6, 1964 )Coronary thrombosis * He is still a good president of the Philippines thus far though there atomic number 18 lots of controversies about him. He did his best to protect his people from the invaders. 2. Manuel L. Quezon August 19, 1878 Baler, Aurora November 15, 1935-August 1, 1944 Nonong * He is the president of theCommonwealth of the Philippines * Father of theNational Langua ge * He appears on the Philippine twenty peso bill (August 1, 1944)Tuberculosis * He did a great job to mend the economy. 3. Jose P. Laurel March 9, 1891 Tanauan, Batangas December 4, 1942 October 14, 1943 JPL * The puppet president of the Philippines. He was controlled by the Japanese in heading the country * He was selected, by the National Assembly, under vigorous Japanese influence, to serve as President. * He violated his Oath of Office and headed an illegal government of the Philippines. (November 6, 1959)Unspecified * I cannot say that Laurel is a good leader in the country because there be many wrong doings that he did. He was also been accused as a traitor. 4. Sergio Osmena September 9, 1878 Cebu City, Cebu August 1, 1944-May 28, 1946 SO * The firstVisayan to become President of the Philippines. * Founder ofNacionalista Party * Together with Manuel Roxas, Pres. Sergio Osmena went on a mission to the US to ask for the Philippines independence. The mission was called O SROX. The Philippines was granted its independence. (19 October 1961)Unspecified * Despite of the war, Osmena was still brave to fight for the Philippines. He didnt leave his countrymen in the fight. He also did rehabilitations in order to reserve the Philippines from war. 5. Manuel Roxas January 1, 1892 Capiz, Capiz May 28, 1946-April 15, 1948 Manoling * The first president of the independentThird Republic of the Philippines * Ratification of the Bell Trade Act * The Inclusion of the Parity amendment in the constitution * The signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement * The enactment of Hare Hawes cutting constabulary in 1932 Tydings Mcduffie Act which led to the granting of the Philippine independence on July 04, 1946 (April 15, 1948)Heart attack * His term only last 1 year 10 months and 18 days.But even though he only served short, he managed to contribute in rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. He has he trait of agood leader. 6. Elpidio R.Quirino Novemb er 16, 1890 Vigan, Ilocos Sur April 17, 1948-December 30, 1953 Pidiong * Hydroelectric proposal in Lanao * The establishment of PACSA * He signed the Magna Carta of Labor and Minimum Wage Law * Amnesty for the Huks The Quirino administration was generally challenged by theHukbalahaps, who ransacked towns and barrios (February 29, 1956)Hart Failure * He was marked notable with reconstruction and economic gain But, his administration tainted by widespread corruption. 7.Ramon Magsaysay August 31, 1907 Iba, Zambales December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957 Monching * He was the first Philippine President born during the 20th century. * His administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free his presidency was cited as the Philippines Golden familys * He led the foundation of theSoutheast Asia Treaty establishmentalso known as the Manila Pact of 1954 * He is the first Philippine president to wear a barong tagalog in his inauguration (March 17, 1957)Plane crash * He brought back the trust of the Filipinos to the government and militaries by proving integrity I his term.He is a good man to all. 8. Carlos P. Garcia November 4, 1896 Talibon, Bohol March 18, 1957-December 30, 1961 CPG * Heexercised theFilipino First Policy * He acted on the BohlenSerrano Agreement * Initiated the The Austerity Program (June 14, 1971)Heart attack * He believes that the government should no longer would tolerate the dominance of foreign interests in the national economy. Because of this the country learned to stand on its own. 9.Diosdado Macapagal September 28, 1910 Lubao, Pampanga December 30, 1961-December 30, 1965 Dado * He introduced the countrys firstland reform legal philosophy * He placed the peso on the free currency exchange market * He shifted the countrys observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. (April 21, 1997)Heart failure,pneumoniaandrenalcomplications * He focused on suppressing graft and corruption in the country. He also pursue the agricultural land reform code of 1963. And this favored the farmers.This does mean he is for the masses. 10. Ferdinand E. Marcos September 11, 1917 Sarrat,Ilocos Norte December 30, 1965-February 25, 1986 Macoy * The dictator who proclaimed martial law * He proclaimed martial law and reigned 20 years as the President of the Philippines * Laws written by Marcos are still in force and in effect. Corruption, political mismanagement, assassination of Benigno Ninoy Aquino Jr. (September 28, 1989)Kidney failure * Marcos term is worst.His administration was marred by massive corruption, political repression, and human rights violations. He is a selfish and greedy leader. 11. Maria Corazon C. Aquino January 25, 1933 Paniqui, Tarlac February 25, 1986- June 30, 1992 Cory * She uses a yellow ribbon as a symbol of democracy. * The first female president of the Philippines and in Asia * She was named Woman of the Year by the Time Magazine in 1986 * Mother of Philippine Democracy * Coup attempts , natural disaster like the erruption of the Mt.Pinatubo, the earthquake in Luzon, the typhoon Uring and it is also n her term where MV Dona Paz sank (August 1, 2009)Colon Cancer * Despite the fact that she doesnt have any learning about politics, she still runs for the democracy. She is a fearless and selfless woman. 12. Fidel V. Ramos March 18, 1928 Lingayen, Pangasinan June 30, 1992-June 30, 1998 Eddie * He state his support for reinstating the death penalty * It is in his term the Philippines experienced rapid economic growth and expansion * He signed into lawRepublic Act 7636-Anti-Subversion Law. * 1997 Asian Financial Crisis (March 18, 1928- Present) * As a result of his hands-on approach to the economy, the Philippines were dubbed by various internationally asAsias Next stinting Tiger. He is a hard- working man and appropriate to be a leader. 13. Joseph E. Estrada April 19, 1937 Tondo, Manila June 30, 1998 January 20, 2001 Erap * He is an actor before becoming t he President of the Philippines * He declared an all-out-war against theMoro Islamic Liberation Front * Jueteng case * Jose Pidal issue (April 19, 1937- Present) * Estrada is a brave man.A fighter against those people who are enemy of the country. But, he is not also that soaring leader. Still there are controversies about corruption and gambling. 14. Gloria M. Arroyo April 5, 1947 Lubao, Pampanga January 20, 2001 June 30, 2010 Ate Glo * She focuses on infrastructures like the Clark,rehabilitation of NLEX and SLEX, MRT/ LRT extension and the PNR * Tourist industry boost in her term * electoral sabotage * Corruption (April 5, 1947- Present) * She is not the model of a person with integrity.Her family especially her husband took money from the governments income. Yes she have many deeds to improve infrastructures but she is no good as a president. 15. Benigno Aquino III February 8, 1960 Manila June 30, 2010- present Noynoy * Came from the family who contributed to gain the democra cy of the people from Marcos. * He signedExecutive grade No. 9, eorganizing the Presidential Commission on theVisiting Forces Agreement * HesignedProclamation No. 3, declaring November 23, 2010, as a national day of retrospection for the victims in theMaguindanao massacre. * Implemented Executive Order 7 which suspends the privileges of executives of 122 Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs). (February 8, 1960- Present) * Aquino is walking in the shoes of his parents. He is cleaning the government from corruption and modify the economy. But, despite of this many are still not satisfied with his performance

Recruitment and Selection Process Essay

Executive Summary In todays rivalrous world every company tries to get best possible candidates for the competitive advantage so, recruitment and selection of right candidates is important for all companies. It is a major function of the human re obtain de fictional characterment. For IT companies recruitment and selection is an integral part as attrition in IT companies is very high. Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for Jobs in the organization.The basic purpose of recruitments is to create a talent pool of candidates to enable the selection of best andidates for the organization, by attracting more and more employees to apply in the organization. The project named Recruitment Life Cycle was carried pop at Persistent Systems Ltd. There are two types of recruitment at Persistent, campus and lateral recruitment, campus recruitment is conducted once in a year at the several(prenominal) colleges and lateral recruitmen ts are conducted as per the requirements.For lateral recruitment recruiter posits to understand the Job description to find the right candidates for the job then recruiter needs to source the candidates from different Job portals like Monster, Naukri etc. After sourcing, candidates are screened by different interviewers at different levels. If candidate clears all the round of interviews then an stick out is made to employee depending upon the grades specified by the interviewer. The recruiter also had to meet targets, i. e. he had to see to it that a certain number of candidates sourced are Joining the organization. The conclusions that can be bony from the project are the recruiter must understand the importance of that particular Job posting to find the best fit candidates. Also the automation in recruitments is the need of an hour. The Option of employee reference must be used properly to attract the right candidates. Thus, it was a very dynamic and challenging Job that deman ded tremendous efforts, persistence, professionalism, and continuous efforts on the part of the recruiter. . Overview of IT Industry The Indian information technology (IT) exertion has played a major role in placing India on the international map. The industry is mainly g everywherened by IT software and facilities for instance System Integration, Software experiments, Custom Application to NASSCOMs findings Indian IT-BPO industry expanded by 12% during the monetary ear 2009 and win aggregate returns of IJS$ 71. 6 billion. Out of the derived revenue IJS$ 59. 6 billion was solely earned by the software and operate division.Moreover, the industry witnessed an affix of around IJS$ 7 million in FY 2008-09 i. e. USS 47. 3 billion against USS 40. 9 billion accrued e, 2008-09 IT Outsourcing in India As per NASSCOM, IT exports in business process outsourcing (BPO) services attained revenues of IJS$ 48 billion in FY 2008-09 and accounted for more than 77% of the entire software and ser vices income. Over the years India has been the most avorable outsourcing hub for firm on a lookout to offshore their IT operations.The factors behind India being a preferred destination are its reasonably priced labor, favorable business ambiance and availability of expert workforce. Considering its escalating growth, IBM has plans to increase its business process outsourcing (BPO) functions in India besides employing 5,000 workforces to assist its growth. In the next few years, the industry is all set to witness some multi-million dollar agreements viz. * A 5 year agreement between HCL Technologies and News Corp for administering its information centers and IT services in I-JK.As per the industry analysts, the pact is estimated to be in the range of IJS$ 200-US$ 250 million * IJS$ 50 million agreement between HCL Technologies and Meggitt, UK-based security apparatus manufacturer, for offering engineering facilities. * Global giant Wal-Mart has short listed there Indian IT dealer s namely Cognizant Technology Solutions, UST Global and Infosys Technologies for a contract worth IJS$ 600 million Indias domestic IT Market Indias domestic IT Market over the years has become one of the major driving forces of the industry.The domestic IT infrastructure is developing contexts of technology nd intensity of penetration. In the FY 2008-09, the domestic IT sector attained revenues worth IJS$ 24. 3 billion as compared to IJS$ 23. 1 billion in FY 2007-08, registering a growth of 5. 4%. Moreover, the increasing demand for IT services and goods by India Inc has alter the expansion of the domestic market with agreements worth rising up extraordinarily to IJS$ 100 million. By the FY 2012, the domestic sector is estimated to expand to IJS$ 1. 7 billion against the exist from US$ 1 billion.

A Book Review on “Under a Cruel Star” Essay

A narrative memoir of the author Heda Margolius Kovaly given in her book Under a Cruel lead story depicts the tragic history and stories of various chaoses including the Czechoslovakia turmoil and Soviet Union. In here, she tells how their lives moved through dilemma plainly to adapt in certain situations where her religious practice, gender, social and economic status are relevantly part in her way of life of living.Heda Kovalys narration is do up of her observations, les countersigns learned, experiences, ideas, and some of her justification towards her decisions made, in which we can conclude that some are without the presence of her willingness or should we sound out just an act of womans submissiveness to her husband. As a brief recapitulation of the book, Heda exposed up telling that the three forces shaped in the past history also formed her flavour as a whole. She recounted every episode of their lives although not in details.It started up from Heda Kovalys experiences in 1941 before he got married to Rudolf Margolius during the turmoil in Prague, Czechoslovakia chthonian post-Nazi regime. Her deportation from Prague to Lodz ghetto in Auschwitz opened up disruption of her supposedly peaceful life. She mentioned how she managed to escape from the marching prisoners of war heading to Reich, Germany. Right after Prague chaos, she met his childhood spectator Rudolf and got married to him.Rudolf was a survivor of Nazi g overnments several concentration camps however, unlike other Nazi victims who utterly opposed communism ideals, Rudolf embraced this vox populi and therefore got a life out of it. Heda became a follower of her husbands beliefs and principles. It ended up when Rudolf got arrested in 1951 with the reason of advocating his ideology, and it followed his execution after the Stalinist trials in which Heda herself witnessed.Just imagine how painful and helpless it is on Hedas part to see his husband dying in the prosecution, and this feeli ng of Heda has shared with her readers as it magically brought by her narration. Hardships and sufferings pushed Heda to live despite harassment of the society as a result of just being Rudolfs wife and partner. Heda remembered how the society persecuted her and her son by means of forced evacuation from their rented house, hastily and rudely dismissal from the hospital amidst necessary medication, and religiously losing her job one after another.Such difficulties ran for v more years following Rudolfs death. However, Hedas willingness to live continued as she believes that their journey did not stop on Rudolfs imprisonment and execution. Instead, it opened up another episode of her life where she survived really hard to be able to support and augment their childs basic needs. More than a decade after that nightmare, Heda received an invitation from the Czech government as the latter said revocation of Rudolfs name in the Stalinist show trial. Heda insisted ingrained absolution of Rudolfs name and a populacely retrial of the case.She also radically demanded that the Czech government has to admit solely the guilt that it has to make a public apology for the victims including Rudolf and his family. Thus began Hedas open advocacy opposing Communism as well as Stalinism, and to encourage everyone to stop anti-Semitism views whether in Czechoslovakia, in Europe, or in the world as a whole. Heda wrote the book basically with the purpose of enlightening the readers about such experiences of a Jewish family, specifically a Jewish woman in Czechoslovakia under Nazi government and Communism though she mentioned dedicating the book for her son to Rudolf Marqolius.Her audience could be anyone who is interested in historic topics such as political and social evolution in Europe and their impacts on the world history in general. Though the book failed to follow prim formatting as it is only a narrative of Hedas own story and experiences and that it is transcribed in an informal way, it also fails to meet historical abbreviation and proper illustration. However, the help and information it could bring to the students who are known being idealists are quite immeasurable.They will surely love reading this book once again and again as it inspires their modern principles and ideals. Under the Cruel Star is not designed to be a university textbook but it helps in a way educating the students especially of History courses such as History 101 which tackles Themes in Modern History like ours. Surely, Heda Morgolius Kovalys story could be a tripe of cold water poured on fire. It means that a communist believer who happens to read this book would change his belief reading this. It makes possible as the good word entails drastic impact to the lives of innocent ones in the past.On my part, the book signifies peaceful victory over chaotic ambiance having Hedas view of love over hate. Like Heda who happens to forgive the tragic past, and use it to advocate e quality through her text irregardless of many difficulties including her religious beliefs being a Jew. To conclude, I should say that I have learned through this book that what really important is how a victim of a wary world remains peaceful at heart in the end.R E F E R E N C EKovaly, Heda Margolius. Under A Cruel Star A Life in Prague 1941-1968. Holmes and Meier Publishing Company, 1997.

Epistemology †empiricism Essay

Principles like those Parmenides assumed argon said in contemporary jargon to be a priori principles, or principles of grounds, which just means that they ar known prior to realise. It is non that we learn these principles first chronologic entirelyy but rather that our friendship of them does non reckon on our senses. For example, consider the principle You dropt make nearlything out(p) of secret code. If you wished to defend this principle, would you proceed by conducting an experiment in which you tried to make something out of nothing? In fact, you would not.You would base your defense on our inability to conceive of ever makingsomething out of nothing Everything we know originates from four artificial lakes. The first, our senses, can be thought of as our primary reference work of cultivation. Two different sources, priming coat and intuition, ar derivative in the sense that they produce bleak facts from data already supplied to our forelands. The fourth sou rce, authority (or hear interpret, or testimony of others), is by record secondary, and secondhand fact- take ins atomic number 18 al focal points more wiggly and difficult to validate.Other sources of companionship are customaryly contracted, and it is not inconceiv subject that on that point might exist other sources but if they do exist, noesis derived from them is hassleatic, and careful analysis usuall(a)y finds that they can be subsumed under one or more of the four known sources and must be seriously questioned as legitimate, separate sources of reliable instruction. In summary, what is the nature of our knowledge nigh the real world of objects/ shells? Our knowledge of cosmos is composed of ideas our minds everywherehear created on the basis of our sensory experience. It is a fabric of knowledge woven by the mind. Knowledge is not kick downstairsn to the mind nothing is poured into it.Rather, the mind manufactures perceptions, concepts, ideas, sentiments, and so forth and holdsthem as working hypotheses nearly external reality. Every idea is a (subjective) working model that enables us to handle real objects/events with some degree of pragmatic efficiency. However persuasive our thoughts and images may be, they are only remote representations of reality they are tools that enable us to deal with reality. It is as though we draw nondimensional maps to help us understand four-dimensional territory. The semanticists have long reminded us to watch of confusing any sort of map with the real landscape. The map, they say, is not the territory. An abstraction, by definition, is an idea created by the mind to refer to all objects which, possessing certain characteristics in common, are thought of in the same class. The number of objects in the class can range from two to infinity. We can refer to all men, all hurricanes, all books, all energy-formsall everything. While abstraction-building is an inescapable mental processin fact it is the firs t step in the organization of our knowledge of objects/eventsa serious problem is inherent in the process.At high levels of abstraction we tend to group to lead offher objects that have but a few qualities in common, and our abstractionsmay be al nigh meaningless, without our knowing it. We fall into the habit of using familiar abstractions and fail to realize how empty they are. For example, what do the objects in the next abstractions have in common? All atheists, all Western imperialists, all blacks or all whites (and if you think its skin color, think twice), all conservatives, all trees, all French people, all Christians. When we think in much(prenominal) high-level abstractions, it is often the case that we are communicating nothing meaningful at all.The individual object or event we are naming, of course, has no name and belongsto no class until we put it in one. Going as far back as Plato, philosophers have traditionally delineate knowledge as veritable justified belie f. A priori knowledge is knowledge that is justified sovereignly of (or prior to) experience. What kinds of knowledge could be justified without any approach to experience? Certainly, we can know the truth of definitions and logical truths apart from experience. Hence, definitions and logically necessary truths are examples of a priori knowledge.For example, All unicorns are one-horned creatures is line up by definition. Similarly, the pursualstatement is a sure bet Either my universitys football game team leave alone win their next game or they wont. point if they tie or the game is canceled, this would fulfill the they wont win part of the prediction. Hence, this statement expresses a logically necessary truth about the football team. These two statements are cases of a priori knowledge. Notice that in the particular examples of a priori knowledge I have chosen, they do not give us any real, factual information about the world. Even though the statement about unicorns is t rue, it does not tell us whether in that respect are any unicorns in the world.Similarly, the football prediction does not tell us the actual outcome of the game. Experience of the world is required to know these things. The second kind of knowledge is a posteriori knowledge, or knowledge that is based on (or posterior to) experience. Similarly, the adjective empirical refers to anything that is based on experience. Any claims based on experience purport to cater new information to the subject. Hence, Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and Tadpoles become frogs would be examples of a posteriori knowledge. We know the freezing point of water and the disembodied spirit cycle of tadpoles done with(predicate) experience.Thus far, most philosophers would curb on these points. The difficult question now arises Is at that place any a priori knowledge that does give us knowledge about the real world? What would that be like? It would be knowledge expressible in a statement such t hat (a) its truth is not determined only by the meaning of its legal injury and (b) it does provide information about the way the world is. Furthermore, since it is a priori, it would be knowledge that we could justify through designer, independently of experience. The question, thusly, is whether or not dry land alone can tell us about the ultimate nature of reality. 1.Is it possible to have knowledge at all? 2. Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience? 3. Does our knowledge represent reality as it really is? Rationalism claims that reason or the judgement is the primary source of our fundamental knowledge about reality. Non demythologizedists agree that we can apply reason to draw conclusions from the information provided by sense experience. However, what checkes the rationalists is that they claim that reason can give us knowledge apart from experience.For example, the rationalists point out that we can arrive at numeral truths abou t circlesor triangles without having to measure, experiment with, or experience circular or triangular objects. We do so by constructing rational, deductive proofs that lead to absolutely indubitable conclusions that are eer universally true of the world outside our minds (a priori knowledge about the world). Obviously, the rationalists think the second question should be answered affirmatively. Empiricism is the claim that sense experience is the sole source of our knowledge about the world. Empiricists insist that when we start life, the original equipment of our intellect is a tabula rasa, or blank tablet.Only through experience does that empty mind become change with content. Various empiricists give different explanations of the nature of logical and mathematical truths. They are all agreed, however, that these truths are not already latent in the mind in the lead we discover them and that thither is no genuine a priori knowledge about the nature of reality. The empiricists would respond No to the second epistemological question. With respect to question 3, both the rationalists and the empiricists think that our knowledge does represent reality as it really is.Constructivism is used in this discussion to refer to the claim that knowledge is neither already in the mind nor passively received from experience, but that the mind constructs knowledge out of the materials of experience. Immanuel Kant, an 18th-century German philosopher, introduced this view.He was influenced by both the rationalists and the empiricists and attempted to reach a agree between them. While Kant did not agree with the rationalists on everything, he did believe we can have a priori knowledge of the world as we experience it. Although Kant did not use this label, I call his position constructivismto capture his distinctive account of knowledge.One troubling consequence of his view was that be shell the mind imposes its own order on experience, we can never know reality as it is in itself. We can only know reality as it appears to us after it has been filtered and processed by our minds. Hence, Kant answers question 3 negatively. Nevertheless, because Kant thought our minds all have the same cognitive structure, he thought we are able to arrive at universal and accusatory knowledge inwardly the boundaries of the kind situation.Before reading further, odour at the highway picture for an example of a classicexperiment in perception. Did you get the right answer, or were your eyes fooled? One way that skeptics attack knowledge claims is to point to all the ways in which we have been deceived by illusions.Our experience with perceptual illusions shows that in the past we have been mistaken about what we thought we knew. These mistakes lead, the skeptic claims, to the conclusion that we can never be certain about our beliefs, from which it follows that our beliefs are not justified. Another, similar strategy of the skeptic is to point to the possibility tha t our apprehension of reality could be systematically f rectitudeed in some way.The story of Ludwig, the brain in the vat who experienced a bogus virtual reality, would be an example of this strategy. Another strategy is to suppose that there is an inherent flaw in human psychology such that our beliefs never correspond to reality. I call these possible scenarios universal belief falsifiers. The characteristics of a universal belief falsifier are (1) it is a theoretically possible state of affairs, (2) we have no way of knowing if this state of affairs is actual or not, and (3) if this state of affairs is actual, we would never be able to distinguish beliefs that are truefrom beliefs that seem to be true but are actually false.Note that the skeptic does not need to prove that these possibilities are actual. For example, the skeptic does not have to establish that we really are brains in a vat, but merely that this condition is possible. Furthermore, the skeptic need not claim that all our beliefs are false. The skeptics point is simply that we have no fail-safe method for determining when our beliefs are true or false. assumption this circumstance, the skeptic go out argue that we cannot distinguish the situation of having evidence that leads to true beliefs from the situation of having the same sort of evidenceplus a universal belief falsifier, which leads to false beliefs.Obviously, the skeptic believes that nothing is beyond doubt. For any one of our beliefs, we can imagine a set of circumstances in which it would be false. For example, I believe I was born in Rahway, New Jersey. However, my birth certificate could be inaccurate. Furthermore, for whatever reasons, my parents may have wished to keep the truth from me. I lead never know for sure. I also believe that there is overwhelming evidence that Adolf Hitler committed suicide at the close of World War II.However, it could be true (as conspiracytheorists maintain) that his death was faked and that he lived a long life in South America after the war. The theme of the skeptic is that certainty is necessary for there to be knowledge, and if doubt is possible, then we do not have certainty. We now have the considerations in place that the skeptic uses to make his or her case. at that place are many varieties of skeptical subscriber lines, each one exploiting some possible flaw in either human cognition or the alleged evidence we use to justify our beliefs. Instead of presenting various specific arguments, we can consider a generic skeptical argument. Generic Skeptical Argument 1. We can find reasons for disbelieving any one of our beliefs. 2. It follows that we can doubt all our beliefs. 3. If we can doubt all our beliefs, then we cannot be certain of any of them. 4. If we do not have certainty about any of our beliefs, then we do not have knowledge. 5. Therefore, we do not have knowledge. Pyrrho of Elis (360270 B. C. ), a philosopher in ancient Greece, inspired a skeptical move ment that bore his name (Pyrrhonian skepticism).Pyrrho was skeptical concerning sense experience. He argued that for experience to be a source of knowledge, our sense datamust agree with reality. But it is impossible to jump outside our experience to see how it compares with the external world. So, we can never know whether our experience is giving us accurate information about reality.Furthermore, rational argument cannot give us knowledge either, Pyrrho said, because for every argument nominateing one side of an issue, another argument can be constructed to prove the opposing case. Hence, the two arguments cancel each other out and they are equally ineffective in leading us to the truth. The followers of Pyrrho unhappy that we can make claims only about how things appear to us.You can say, The honey appears to me to be sweet but not, The honey is sweet. The best approach, according to these skeptics, was to suspend head whenever possible and make no assumptions at all. They be lieved that skeptical detachment would lead to serenity. Dont worry about what you cannot know, they advised. virtually skeptics distilled these arguments down into two wide-eyed theses. First, nothing is self-evident, for any axiom we start with can be doubted.Second, nothing can be proven, for either we will have an infinite regress of reasons that support our previousreasons or we will end up assuming what we are trying to prove. Descartes began his quest for knowledge with the assumption that if he had rational certainty concerning his beliefs, he needfully had knowledge, and if he did not have certainty, he did not have knowledge.The skeptics who came after Descartes agreed with this assumption. However, as we will see in the next section, Descartes argues that there are a number of things of which we can be certain and, hence, we do have knowledge. On the other hand, the skeptics doubt whether Descartes or anyone can achieve such certainty.Lacking any grounds for certainty, the skeptics claim we cannot have knowledge about the real world. Thus, the skeptics think that Descartess arguments for skepticism are stronger than his proposed answers. Such a philosopher was David Hume, whom we will encounter later when we examine empir EXAMINING THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF SKEPTICISM Positive Evaluation 1.Weeding a garden is not sufficient to make flowers grow, but it does do something valuable. In what way could the skeptics be viewed as providing a philosophical weeding service by undercutting beliefs that are naively taken for granted?2. The skeptics are unsettling because they force us to reexamine our most fundamental beliefs. Is it better to live in naive innocence, never questioning anything, or is it sometimes worthwhile to have your beliefs challenged? Negative Evaluation 1. The skeptics make the following claim Knowledge is impossible. But isnt this claim itself a knowledge claim that they declare is true? Is the skeptic being inconsistent? 2. Th e skeptics use the argument from illusion to show that we cannot trust our senses.But could we ever know that there are illusions or that sometimes our senses are deceivedunless there were occasions when our senses werent deceived? 3. Some skeptics would have us believe that it is possible that all our beliefs are false.But would the human race have survived if there was never a correspondence between some of our beliefs and the way reality is constituted? We believe that fire burns, water quenches thirst, vegetables nourish us, and eating sand doesnt. If we didnt have some sort of integral mechanism orienting us toward true beliefs, how could we be as successful as we are in dealing with reality? 4. Is skepticism liveable? filtrate yelling to psyche who claims to be a skeptic, Watch outfor that falling tree limb Why is it that a skeptic will always look up? Think of other ways in which skeptics might demonstrate that they do believe they can find out what is true or false about the world. 5. Is Descartess demand for absolute certainty unreasonable? Cant we have justified beliefs based on inferences to the best explanation, probability, or matter-of-fact certainty? Does certainty have to be either 100 percent or 0 percent? The answer is that our reason tells us that something cannot come from nothing and material objects do not vanish into thin air. We will distrust our senses beforewe will abandon these beliefs. Hence, our reason seems to have veto power over our sense experience. We often trust our reason even in the face of apparently solid, experiential evidence. The rationalists raise this trust in reason into a fully fledged theory of knowledge. Rationalism is a very influential theory about the source and nature of knowledge. This position may be summarized in terms of the iii anchor points of rationalism. These collar points are responses to the second question of epistemology, Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience?Reason Is the Primary or Most Superior Source of Knowledge about Reality According to the rationalist, it is through reason that we truly understand the fundamental truths about reality. For example, most rationalists would say the truths in the following lists are some very basic truths about the world that will never change. Although our experience certainly does illustrate most of these beliefs, our experiences always consist of par-ticular, concrete events. Hence, no experiences of seeing, feeling, hearing, tasting, or touching specific objects can tell us that these statements will always be true for every prox event we encounter.The rationalist claims that the following statements represent a priori truths about the world. They are a priori because they can be known apart from experience, yet they tell us what the world is like. LOGICAL TRUTHS A and not-A cannot both be true at the same time (where A represents some proposition or claim). This truth is called the la w of noncontradiction. (For example, the statement John is married and John is not married is of necessity false. ) If the statement X is true and the statement If X, then Y is true, then it necessarily follows that the statement Y is true. MATHEMATICAL TRUTHS.The area of a triangle will always be one-half the length of the base times its height. If X is large than Y and Y is larger than Z, then X is larger than Z. METAPHYSICAL TRUTHS Every event has a cause. An object with contradictory properties cannot exist. (No matter how long we search, we will never find a round square. ) ETHICAL PRINCIPLES Some basic moral obligations are not optional. It is morally wrong to maliciously torture someone for the fun of it. Sense Experience Is an Unreliable and In tolerable Route to Knowledge Rationalists typically emphasize the fact that sense experience is relative, changing, and often illusory.An object will look one way in artificial light and will look different in sunlight. Our eyes see m to see water on the road on a hot day, but the image is merely an optical illusion. The rationalist claims that we need our reason to sort out what is appearance from what is reality. Although it is obvious that a rationalist could not get through life without some reliance on sense experience, the rationalist denies that sense experience is the only source of knowledge about reality. Furthermore, experience can tell us only about particular things in the world. However, it cannot give us universal, foundational truthsabout reality.Sensory experience can tell me about the properties of this ball, but it cannot tell me about the properties of spheres in general. Experience can tell me that when I combine these two oranges with those two oranges, they add up to four oranges. However, only reason can tell me that two plus two will always equal four and that this result will be true not only for these oranges, or all oranges, but for anything whatsoever. The Fundamental Truths about the World Can Be Known A Priori They atomic number 18 Either Innate or Self-Evident to Our Minds Innate ideas are ideas that are inborn.They are ideas or principles that the mind already contains prior to experience. The notion of innate ideas is normally found in rationalistic philosophies, but it is rejected by the empiricists. The theory of innate ideas views the mind like a computer that comes from the factory with numerous programs already loaded on its disk, waiting to be activated. Hence, rationalists say that such ideas as the laws of logic, the concept of justice, or the idea of God are already contained deep in spite of appearance the mind and only need to be brought to the level of conscious awareness. Innate ideas should not be confused with instinct.Instinct is a noncognitive set of mechanical behaviors, such as blinking the eyes when an object approaches them. The theory of innate ideas is one account of how we can have a priori knowledge. Other rationalists believe that if the mind does not already contain these ideas, they are, at least, either self-evident or natural to the mind and the mind has a natural predisposition to recognize them. For example, Gottfried Leibniz (16461716), a German rationalist, compared the mind to a block of marble that contains veins or natural splitting points that allow only one sort of shape to be formed within it.Thus, the mind, like the marble, has an innate structure that results in inclinations, dispositions, habits, or natural capacities to think in certain ways. In contrast to this view, John Locke (a British empiricist) said There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the senses. In response, Leibniz tagged the following rationalistic qualification at the end of Lockes formula, further for the intellect itself. Obviously, in saying that the mind contains rational ideas or dispositions, the rationalists do not believe a baby is thinking about the theorems of geometry.Instead, they claimthat when a person achieves a certain level of cognitive development, he or she will be capable of realizing the self-evident truth of certain ideas. Leibniz pointed out that there is a difference between the mind containing rational principles and being aware of them. Rationalists give different accounts of how the mind acquired innate ideas in the first place. Socrates and Plato believed that our souls preexisted our current life and received knowledge from a previous form of existence. Theistic rationalists, such as Descartes, tend to believe that God implanted these ideas within us.Others simply claim that these principles or ideas naturally accompany rational minds such as ours. THE RATIONALISTS ANSWERS TO THE THREE EPISTEMOLOGICAL QUESTIONS Section 2. 0 contained three questions concerning knowledge (1) Is knowledge possible? (2) Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience? and (3) Does our knowledge represent reality as it really is? While diffe ring on the details, all the rationalists give the same answers to these three questions. First, they all believe that knowledge is possible. Generally, we are able to discern that some opinions are better than others.For example, in the discipline of mathematics some answers are true and some are false. We could not know this fact if obtaining knowledge was impossible. Second, the rationalists agree that only through reason can we find an adequate basis for knowledge.For example, in mathematics and logic we are able through reason alone to arrive at truths that are absolutely certain and necessarily true. Third, rationalists agree that beliefs that are based on reason do represent reality as it truly is. In the following sections, I examine three classical rationalists to see how they illustrate the three anchor points of rationalism andanswer the three epistemological questions.Socrates answers to the three epistemological questions should be clear. (1) We are able to distinguish true opinions from false ones, so we must know the standards for making this promissory note. (2) These standards could not be derived from experience so they must be unpacked through a rational investigation of the reservoir of all truththe soul. (3) Since our rational knowledge provides us with information that enables us to deal successfully with the world and our own lives, it must be giving us an accurate picture of reality.However, according to Plato, since thephysical world is constantly changing, sense perception gives us only relative and temporary information about changing, particular things. Being a typical rationalist, Plato thought that ultimate knowledge must be objective, unchanging, and universal. Furthermore, he argued that there is a difference between true opinions and knowledge, for our beliefs must be rationally justified to qualify as knowledge. Finally, Plato believed that the object of knowledge must be something that really exists. Plato and the Role of Re ason Do mathematical truths, such as those in the multiplication tables, exist within the mindor do they exist outside the mind? Plato would say both. If mathematical truths exist only in the mind, then why does physical reality conform to these truths? If mathematical truths are only mind-dependent ideas, then why cant we make the truths about triangles be anything we decide them to be? The world of Alices Adventures in Wonderland was created in the mind of Lewis Carroll. He could have made the worlds properties be anything he decided. But obviously, we cant make up such rules for the properties of numbers. We dont create these truths we discover them.Thus, Plato would argue, these truths are objective and independent of our minds. But if they are independent of our minds, then they must refer to something that exists in reality. Although the number seven, for example, has objective properties that we discover, these properties are not physical. We do not learn the truths about num bers by seeing, tasting, hearing, smelling, or touching them. From this concept, Plato concludes that the world of mathematics consists of a set of objective, mindindependent truths and a domain of nonphysical reality that we know only through reason. What about justice?What color is it? How tall is it? How much does it weigh? Clearly, these questions can apply to physical things, but it is meaningless to describe justice in terms of observable properties. Furthermore, no society is perfectly just. Hence, we have never seen an example of perfect justice in human history, only frail, human attempts to approximate it. Because reason can contemplate Justice Itself,* we can evaluate the deficient, limited degrees of justice found in particular societies.Particular nations come and go and the degree of justice they manifest can rise or fall. But the objects of genuine knowledgesuch as true Justice or true Circularity are eternal and unchanging standards and objects of knowledge. Plato on Universals and the Knowledge of Reality Thus far, Plato has argued that there are some things that we could not know about (Justice, Goodness, Equality) if experience was our only source of knowledge.The soul must have somehow acquired knowledge independently of the senses. But what, exactly, are the objects of this special sort of knowledge? In answering this question, Plato builds on the distinction he has made between the here-and-now realm of sense experience and the unchanging realm of rational knowledge.He says that in the world of sense experience we find that particulars fall into a number of stable, universal categories. Without these categories, we could not identify anything or talk about particulars at all. For example, Tom, Andre, Maria, and Lakatria are all distinct individuals, yet we can use the universal term human being to refer to each of them. In spite of their differences, something about them is the same. Corresponding to each common name (such as human, dog, justice) is a Universal that consists of the essential, common properties of anything within that category.Circular objects (coins, rings, wreathes, planetary orbits) all have the Universal of Circularity in common. Particular objects that are fine (roses, seashells, persons, sunsets, paintings) all share the Universal of Beauty. Particulars come into being, change, and pass away but Universals reside in an eternal, unchanging world. The rose grows from a bud, becomes a beautiful flower, and then turns brown and ugly and fades away. Yet the Universal of Beauty (or Beauty Itself ) remains eternally the same.Plato believes that Universals are more than concepts, they are actually the constituentsof reality. Hence, in answer to the triplet epistemological question, Plato believes that knowledge of Universals provides us with knowledge of the fundamental features of reality, which are nonphysical, eternal, and unchanging. Plato also refers to these Universals as Forms. The following thought experiment will help you appreciate Platos emphasis on Universals and universal truth. Descartes on the Possibility of Knowledge Although Descartes was certain he could not be deceived about his own existence, the possibility of a dandy Deceiver cast a shadow over all his other beliefs.Unless he could find something external to his mind that would guarantee that the contents of his mind stand for reality, there was little hope for having any knowledge other than that of his own existence. Descartes sought this guarantee in an all-powerful, good God. Hence, Descartes says, As soon as the chance arises I must examine whether there is a God, and, if there is, whether he can be a deceiver. For if I do not know this, it seems that I can never be quite certain about anything else. 12 If Descartes could prove that such a God exists, then he could know that knowledge is possible.But notice how limited are the materials Descartes has at his disposal for proving Gods existence. He cannot employ an empirical argument based on the nature of the external world, for that is an issue that is still in doubt. So, he must construct a rationalistic argument that reasons only from the contents of his own mind. STOP AND hypothesise Descartes on the Role of Reason In the following passage from Meditation III, Descartes says the natural light of reason shows him that (1) something cannot arise from nothing and (2) there must be at least as much reality in the cause as there is in the effect. What examples does he use to illustrate each of these principles? How does he apply these two principles to the existence of his own ideas? The argument that Descartes has given us in the previous passages can be summarized in this way 1. Something cannot be derived from nothing. (In other words, all effects, including ideas, are caused by something. ) 2. There must be at least as much reality in the cause as there is in the effect. 3. I have an idea of God (as an infinite and perfe ct being). 4. The idea of God in my mind is an effect that was caused by something.5.I am finite and imperfect, and thus I could not be the cause of the idea of an infinite and perfect God. 6. Only an infinite and perfect being could be the cause of such an idea. 7. Therefore, God (an infinite and perfect being) exists. THE THREE ANCHOR POINTS OF EMPIRICISM The Only Source of Genuine Knowledge Is Sense Experience The empiricists compare the mind to a blank tablet upon which experience makes its marks. Without experience, they claim, we would lack not only knowledge of the specific features of the world, but also the ability even to conceive of qualities such.

Ethical Issue: Abortion

ETHICAL ISSUE ABORTION INTRODUCTION The root question to ethics is whether stillbirth is considered murder or a justified cleansing? Is it morally wrong and if so, should it be made legal or illegal? There are mainly 2 views towards terminateion. The pro-choice insure abortion as acceptable in some circumstances as women should be given a freedom of choice. Whereas the pro-life regard abortion an domineering act of wrong and should be criminalized. Let us first reduce a look at various approaches to champion us collapse guess and justify both sides of the argument. RIGHTS APPROACHA pro-choice would argue that women have the unconstipated ups to her life, body and health. Before abortion was permitted, women result either have to carry their motherhood to term or despe estimately test to abort ascribable to various reasons (eg. health, incest, rape, career), thus resorting to unsafe and life-threatening procedures. However, with gate to safe and legal abortions, women forget have the basic right of managing their stimulate bodies and the risk of health will be lose weightd. One example is an article extracted from the National Organization for Women which menti iodind the deaths of women who turned to illegal and unsafe abortions. Refer to sample 1) Besides, women have the rights to liberty and thus have the power to exercise their rights to abortion. In the event a woman needs to continue her employ or suitable other obligations, she will not be forced to bear a child against her will which eject result in misery as it conveys unattainable for her to carry out her duties and obligations in the usual manner. An example is from the New York Times Magazine (LIVES When One Is Enough). A woman named Amy Richards explains why she determined to go for abortion. (Refer to subject 2) In addition, women have the rights to sovereignty.By allowing abortion, women would not be unjustly forced into causehood which in turn forces them into submissi ve roles in society. Thus their rights to livelihood and continuation of reproduction and profession will not be depleted. They can have the probable of organism on equal status, dominion and power as men. Under the concept of personhood, it is argued that fetuses are not yet natural and are not sentient worlds. They do not have the capacity to have experiences (eg. feeling pain) and are not yet reasoning, self-aware beings capable of moral reciprocity.Hence, they do not have a substantial right to life yet. However, I feel that fetuses are considered piece beings from conception and thus they should enjoy the full moral status of born tender beings. It is said that although fetuses may not be persons yet, they have the potential to become one and thus, fetuses should enjoy basic moral rights to life. Hence, the rights of an unborn should not be compromised against the rights of the mother. UTILITARIAN APPROACH On one hand, it is argued that legalizing abortion diminishes the maternal mortality rate of women within the society.Studies have indicated that after the legalization of abortion, it has resulted in a much lower percentage of maternal death rates due to greater access to safer and legal methods of abortion and timely abortions, thereby reducing the risk of health complications. (Refer to Example 3) Besides, timely abortions can be made. spontaneous abortions done in early stages (1st trimester) will greatly reduce the fetuss suffering compared to later stages where the fetus starts developing into a sentient being (capability to experience suffering).In addition, it can potentially reduce the number of unwanted children. In the cases of rape or physical and mental defects of the unborn child, abortion will be the better alternative to reduce the potential physical and mental suffering the mother feels that her child will possibly face in future. For instance, the child suffers psychologically due to his peers teasing his physical defects. Furt hermore, it can help diminish the growth of over-populated areas especially in countries like Singapore. The New Statesman indicated that The world as a whole is overpopulated by 2 one thousand thousand.A decrease in population can help to reduce the rate at which natural resources are being used and reduce competition for employment opportunities which results in a higher(prenominal) standard of musical accompaniment. However, I believe banning abortion has its benefits as well. A study revealed that women who had undergone abortions place themselves at a higher death risk than women who give birth. A Finland study revealed a 7 fold increased death rate among aborting women resulting from suicide due to post-abortion distress. Besides, it encourages economic growth.Parents will have to spend financial resources on their child for the purposes of education, clothing and food. Due to the increase in expenditure, demand increases, leading to a rise in supply. The boilersuit effect w ill lead to an increase in the countrys Gross Domestic Product. Furthermore, it encourages population growth in under-populated countries such(prenominal) as Australia. This prevents the undue exploitation of resources such as food, energy and minerals and helps to better maximize the utility of such resources.In addition, in the event that the mother decides to send her child for adoption due to reasons like being financially handicapped, there will be more opportunities for infertile couples to adopt a child. COMMON GOOD APPROACH On one hand, allowing abortion reduces the overall suffering of unwanted children in the society which can be due to the inexperience and financial instability of the mother. Some children thus prevail in the foster care where a sense of loss and overwhelming rejection is demonstrable.It also gives women the liberty to abort the baby based on their right to solitude as they might not want others to learn about their pregnancy. The US Supreme administ ration found that women have better mental health when offered abortion as an option. This means children who are born are wanted more by their family and thus they will be able to attain a better welfare and education. In addition, abortion has allowed women to have an opportunity to pursue their life and educational goals which they may not be able to pursue after being a mother.Furthermore, legalizing abortion serves to protect the safety of women as now many will not turn to illegal abortion but instead seek proper medical aborting procedures. Nonetheless, I feel that banning abortion emphasizes on the impressiveness of responsible contraceptive usage and birth control methods which is crucial to help reduce the occurrence of accidental pregnancy.. According to the National stillbirth Federation, 78% of teenage pregnancies are unintended, out of which 35% sought abortion.It also increases the awareness of lever for sex. It is important to understand that a woman is not an obj ect for sexual gratification nor is sex to be abused without regard. Thus, banning abortion stresses on the importance for taking responsibility for ones actions. Furthermore, it helps us to better appreciate human lives. A life of an unborn cannot be undermined to the life of a born human. This teaches us to have compassion and empathy towards any human life. VIRTUE APPROACH By allowing abortion, one of the virtues developed is love.Love leads the mother to abort the baby as she is unconfident of being a good mother to the child, thus she rather not let him live a difficult life in the long run. Self-accountability is also developed as the mother has to face possible consequences that could arise as a result of her abortion. (Eg. Depression, guilt) Besides, courage and fortitude is developed as the mother has to confront the naive realism of abortion and take courage to accept the responsibility of abortion and its aftermath effects (Eg. post scathetic stress disorder).In additio n, resilience is developed in the mother throughout the entire abortion process for having the strength and ability to cope with the reality and effects of abortion. This helps them to move on with their lives instead of being overwhelmed with emotional trauma and setbacks. On the other hand, by banning abortion, it gives the mother determination to carry on her pregnancy despite external factors that may sway her decision such as being a single mother and unconfident of bringing her child up singlehandedly.It also develops self-accountability as one has to responsible for ones own actions. In addition, courage and fortitude is developed as the mother may have to face possible consequences for taking responsibility for the child such as spending more financial resources for the childs sake. Impartiality can also be developed as the mother is able to be documental in her views and preserve the life of an innocent despite the fact that her child was the result of rape. Self-sacrifice and selflessness can also be developed as the mother decides to put aside her own needs to keep the child.She may have to quit her current job and terminate all other obligations even though she might not be mentally prepared to raise a child yet. Fore-sightedness is developed as the mother would have to plan beforehand of time to provide her child the best treatment possible. FAIRNESS/JUSTICE APPROACH It is argued that if abortion is allowed, everyone will be given an option to abort disregardless whether they want to. Since everyone is given a choice, it is fair as it respects everyones individual rights.Since an unborn is only considered human when it is a sentient being, it is fair to abort it in its early stages and not treated as homicide. Furthermore, since it is not born yet, it does not possess human rights to life and thus its life should be decided by its mother. Furthermore, it is only fair that the mother has the right and option to decide what to do with her child s ince it is her flesh and blood. On the contrary, I believe a human life is determined at conception. Hence abortion equates to the murder of any born human. Thus, it is only fair to grant an unborn an equal right to living as any born human.Additionally it is also fair to grant the baby the right to live as the baby is an innocent party that should not be dragged into abortion as a result of rape, incest, careless or irresponsible acts of humans. PERSONAL STAND In conclusion, multitudes have come to believe that they benefit from abortion. However, they had failed to induce that if a choice needs to be made, it should be done so before conception of the child. There is no real difference between killing a child before or after it is born. In the case of rape, it is true that the mother may not have come to terms ith carrying her pregnancy to term. However, it is important to adopt an objective view. An unborn should not be killed simply to alleviate the suffering of the mother. Mor eover, if abortion is so easy attainable, how many would stop to infer of the cruelty of taking away a life of an innocent? Now that legal abortion gives women a safeguard, more will turn to it. Since the Supreme Court handed down the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973, there had been a 64% increase in the number of abortions in the United States. In addition, family values may be distorted in generations to come.By aborting her baby, the mother-to-be will lose part of her motherhood and respect. Legalizing abortion also makes it easier for one to overlook the negative consequences and take abortion for granted. Whereas, banning abortion allows people to think twice before acting and take responsibility for their actions. Therefore, I believe abortion should be banned. (1930 words) causa 1 pic EXAMPLE 2 pic EXAMPLE 3 pic REFERENCES Josh Levinson. (2004). Abortion poses great ethical dilemma. In The daily campus. Retrieved 18 May 2012, from http//www. dailycampus. com/2. 7438/abortion-po ses-great-ethical-dilemma-1. 067241. Josh Marshall. (2004). The Abortion Dilemma Legal Isnt Always Ethical. In Ethics scoreboard. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//www. ethicsscoreboard. com/list/abortion2. html Claire Pomeroy. (2008). Abortion and Womens Rights Unification of Pro-Life and Pro-Choice through Feminism. In Serendip. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//serendip. brynmawr. edu/exchange/node/1845 Amy Richards. (2004). LIVES When One Is Enough. In nytimes. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//www. nytimes. com/2004/07/18/magazine/lives-when-one-is-enough. html Unknown. (2008). Utilitarianism vs.Moral Duty Ethical Dilemmas of Abortion. In ivythesis. typepad. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//ivythesis. typepad. com/term_paper_topics/2008/02/utilitarianism. html Abortion entrance fee Project. (2003). The impact of illegal abortion. In ourbodiesourselves. org. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//www. ourbodiesourselves. org/book/companion. asp? compID=100&id=20 Unknown. (2005). Wh en abortion was illegal. In socialworker. org. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//socialistworker. org/2005-2/562/562_06_Abortion. shtml EI. (2002). Abortion Increases Womens Mortality Rate. In afterabortion. rg. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//afterabortion. org/2002/abortion-increases-womens-mortality-rates/ Austine Cline. (Unknown). Abortion is a serious ethical issue. In atheism. about. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//atheism. about. com/od/abortioncontraception/p/AbortionEthics. htm Kundan Pandey. (2011). Ethical Issues on Abortion. In goaccess. org. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//www. goaccess. org/ethical-issues-on-abortion. html BrookesB. (2005). Abortion An ethical dilemma. In writework. Retrieved 18 May, 2012 from http//www. writework. com/essay/abortion-ethical-dilemma

Legal Research

Samaritan smith slipped and fell on shampoo that had spilled In the health and beauty department of the grocery store in question. Ms. Smith had suffered a broken hip from the incident and is going to be spending the next a few(prenominal) months in physical therapy. Ms. Smith has no health insurance and is a adept mother of a 2 year old boy. After our complaints were filed In the courts the grocery store in alleges that Ms. Smith had a duty herself to avoid the spillage, hardly was too distracted by her young son to notice. The store feels that Ms. Smith should be held just as responsible as hey ar in the case.The question being presented today, Is If both parties Involved are equally responsible? Ms. Smith does in fact possibly hold some(prenominal) sort of comparative fault in this case. The grocery store did complete their scheduled aisle check beneficial thirty minutes before Ms. Smith slipped. INDO. Code Ann. 534-51-2-5 (WEST 1998) states that In an action based on fau lt, any contributory fault chargeable to the claimant diminishes proportionately the gist awarded as compensatory damages for an injury attributable to the claimants contributory fault, but does not bar recovery.There are several factors in that can place Ms. Smith with comparative fault. The biggest fact being that she was not paying economic aid, because she was dealing with her 2 year old son. It does not seem that the store is not at all responsible for the injuries she sustained. Yes, the aisle check was do at the scheduled time, but it was checked by an older gentleman that wore prescription glasses. As in Wall-Mart v. Wright, 774 EN ad 891 (2002) where Wright was found at comparative fault and awarded 30% less In damages, this too could be the case with Ms. Grants Ms.Smith states negligence on the grocery stores behalf, but she too had a duty to pay attention to her surroundings. The grocery store in question has documented proof of an aisle check being done at 1 p. M. The shampoo could have spilled anytime between 100 and 130 p. M. In conclusion Ms. Smith could very well hold some comparative fault if the grocery store can prove that she was distracted enough by her child, that she was unable to notice the spillage. Where are the headings in your memo? I have no idea where your memo components are. Wall-Mart stores Inc. V. Got, 774 EN ad 891 (2002) Wright originally sued Wall-Mart for Injuries she sustained when she slipped and fell on a puddle of water in the outdoorsy Lawn and Garden Corral. Wright insisted Wall-Mart was negligent in the maintenance and inspections of the premises. Wright was found at comparative fault for not doing her duty as an Individual and shopper and paying attention In an area of the store where it was common for water to be on the ground. Description Weighting Possible Points Points Earned Content Student fixed a statute from the appropriate Jurisdiction.The statute that the dent located is on the appropriate issue and applied to the fact situation. Student provided proper citation of statutes. Student located a case from the appropriate Jurisdiction that interprets the statute. 32 Sentence Mastery Sentences are consistently grammatical. Major sentence-level errors, including fragments, run-eons, and comma splices, are avoided. Sentences are graceful, I. E. , they can be read aloud without awkwardness, awkward pauses, or running out of breath. Language is rich, precise, and vivid. 6 Grammar and Mechanics Spelling is proficient. Spellchecker has been used to avoid egregious errors.Grammar and mechanics are sound, including mastery of the following key elements subject-verb agreement verb form appropriate punctuation and capitalization apostrophe use appropriate word use. There are no unneeded words, and there are not missing words. Organization and Format Organization and structure are clear and easy to follow. Writing shows clear purpose and smashing transitions from beginning to end. Sentences consistently establish this organization and flow rather than interrupt it. Format meets PAPA guidelines and Bluebook rules as appropriate, including use of title pages.There is no playful experiment with fancy fonts. It is written for the appropriate audience. Citation Style Writing shows both internal citations in the body of the text as well as a proper list of references at the end of the paper, following PAPA or Bluebook format. Citations appear consistently where needed, whether following quoted or paraphrased material in the text. Note In papers requiring secondary sources, failure to provide any citation does not import in a deduction of 10% from the paper, but will result in a failed paper and a plagiarism investigation.Total 100% 60 Possible Points 50 Points Earned Additional Instructor Comments FRIAR for Samaritan Smith scenario Facts Your own paraphrase of the facts of Smiths worry in one or two paragraphs. This goes to the Analysis section, so do not skimp. Issue Yo ur own statement of Smiths problem in a single sentence in yes or no format. For example, Can Samaritan Smith recover for the damages she endured as the result of a slip and fall at a local grocery store where shampoo had leaked upon the floor? Rule The citations and holdings from the two cases you located (one in Unit Three and one

Science a Curse or a Blessing

We cannot Say for certain whether attainment is a curse or a blessing. it is our use of science which would make science a curse or a Blessing . First let us see how man has used science for his good so that it has flex a blessing for him. it is science that has provided modern man the life of ease, leisure and pleasure. It has brought within reach of the common man comforts and luxuries which were available in the away only to a privileged few.Science has invented marvelous machines. It has discovered energies which run these machines. The machines befuddle taken drudgery out of work. Distance has been conquered. young means of transport and communicating watch made the word shrink in size. Men and things and news and views can go around the globe today with lightning speed. Man has already arrive on the moon and a man-made satellite has just completed its voyage through the solar system.Our life has become healthier and longer. Modern hygiene, sanitation, medicine and surge ry are conquering more and more physical and mental ills day by day. We now know and experience the joys of good health and longevity. Through the cinema and the video, the TV and the tape-reorder, science has worked wonders in the spheres of education and entertainment.Though we welcome these blessing of science, we have to consider the darker side of the picture also. Machines have led to unemployment. They have polluted water and atmosphere. Thy have caused noise pollution. Factories have led to slums where human beings live in squalor. Our moral and spiritual progress has failed to keep pace with our scientific progress. We have allowed science to master us instead of using it as our servant.Machines make us mechanical, deaden our sensibilities, stifle our creative talents, force mechanical regularity, unity and boredom upon us, increase our wants and desires, and tend to make us selfish, greedy and cruel. Geographical distance has, no doubt, vanished, but the gulf between the minds and hearts of man has widened.Machines have given man leisure, but man misuses it to get cheap and vulgar entertainment which destroys his physical and mental health. Again, sciencehas put in our hands much(prenominal) fiendish weapons as the nuclear bomb, the guided missile and means of chemical and biological warfare. We are in danger of destroying ourselves with these monstrous means which, ironically, are our throw creations. Rightly used science can bring heaven on earth. Wrongly used, it can trun this earth in to hell by destroying civilization.

Night Stalker

Ricardo Richard Munoz Ramirez born February 28, 1960 is a convicted serial killer and is awaiting execution on Californias death row. in the beginning his capture, Ramirez was dubbed the Night Stalker by the mass media. Munozs crimes stem from murder to rape and home invasion, his counterbalance victim was on April 10, 1984, 9-year-old Mei Leung was put up dead in a hotel basement where Ramirez was living at the eon. Ramirezs DNA was matched to DNA beated at the 1984 crime scene in 2009. On June 28, 1984, 79-year-old Jennie Vincow was found dead in her apartment.She had been stabbed repeatedly, and her throat was slashed so severely she was almost decapitated. On February 21, 1985, Sisters Christina and Mary Caldwell, aged 58 and 71, were found dead in their home. They each were stabbed dozens of times. On March 17, 1985, Ramirez attacked 22-year-old Angela Barrios outside her home. He hired gun her in the lead entering her house. Inside was Dayle Okazaki, age 34, who Ramirez i mmediately shot and killed. Within an hour of killing Okazaki, Ramirez again attacked 30-year-old Tsai-Lian Yu, he pulled her out of her car onto the road. He shot her several times and fled.The two attacks occurring on the same day sparked media attention, and caused panic and fear among the public. On March 27, Ramirez shot Vincent Zazzara, age 64, and his wife Maxine, age 44. Mrs. Zazzaras body was mutilated with several stab wounds. Bullets found at the scene were matched to those found at previous attacks, and the police complete a serial killer was on the loose. Two months after killing the Zazarra equalise, Ramirez attacked a Chinese couple Harold Wu, age 66, who was shot in the creative thinker, and his wife, Jean Wu, age 63, who was punched, bound, and accordingly violently raped.On May 29, 1985, Ramirez attacked Malvial Keller, 83, and her disabled sister, Blanche Wolfe, 80, lace each with a hammer. Ramirez attempted to rape Keller, but failed. The bordering day, Ruth Wil countersign, 41, was bound, raped, and sodomized by Ramirez, while her 12-year-old son was locked in a closet. Ramirez slashed Wilson once, and then bound her and her son together, and left. On June 2, 1985 Edward Wildgans, 29, was shot and killed by Ramirez. His daughter was raped several times by Ramirez but survived.On July 5, sixteen-year-old Whitney Bennett survived after being beaten with a run out iron by Ramirez. On July 7, Linda Fortuna, 63, was attacked and Ramirez tried to rape her, but failed. On July 20, he again enamored twice he shot and killed a 32-year-old man, Chitat Assawahem, and his wife Sakima, 29, was beaten and forced to perform oral intercourse. afterwards in the same day a Glendale couple, Maxson Kneiding, 66, and his wife Lela, withal 66, were shot and killed. On August 6, Ramirez shot both Christopher Petersen, 38, and his wife, Virginia, 27, in the head.Amazingly, they both survived. On August 8, Ramirez attacked a couple, fatally shooting Ahme d Zia, 35, before raping Zias wife, Suu Kyi, 28. Ramirez then left Los Angeles area, and on August 17, he shot to death a 66-year-old man in San Francisco, also shooting and beating his wife. The wife survived her wounds and was able to identify her attacker from police sketches as the attacker from otherwise similar previous attacks. August 24, 1985, Ramirez traveled broke apartment of Bill Carns, 29, and his fiancee, Inez Erickson, 27.Ramirez shot Carns in the head and raped Erickson. Munoz had stolen the couples car and was found on August 28, and police were able to obtain whiz fingerprint that was on the mirror of the vehicle. The prints be extensiveed to Richard Munoz Ramirez, who was described as a 25-year-old drifter from Texas with a long rap sheet that included many arrests for traffic and illegal drug violations. Two days later, his mugshots were dish out on national television and printed on the cover of every major newspaper in California.The next day Ramirez was ide ntified, chased, surrounded, and severely beaten by an angry mob in East Los Angeles as he was trying to steal a car. Police had to break up the mob to prevent them from killing Ramirez. On September 20, 1989, he was found guilty of 13 counts of murder, 5 attempted murders, 11 sexual assaults and 14 burglaries. During the penalty phase of the trial on November 7, 1989, he was sentenced to die in Californias gas chamber. The trial of Richard Ramirez was one of the most difficult and longest criminal trials in American history, taking over four long time to finalize.Almost 1,600 prospective jurors were interviewed. More than one hundred witnesses testified, and while a number of witnesses had a difficult time recalling certain facts four years after the crimes, others were quite certain of the identity of Richard Ramirez. References The Night Stalker by Philip Carlo pg. 191 ch. 20 IM YOUR NIGHT PROWLER Interview with Richard Ramirez (Interview). FEAST OF hatred AND FEAR. Issue 6 FEAS T OF HATE AND FEAR. 1996. http//listography. com/showder/serial_killers. /the_victims_of_richard_ram%C3%

Why Do We as a Society Need a Criminal Justice System

Why do we (as a ball club) requirement a barbarous arbiter clay? Introduction As a corporation there is claim for a immoral rightness goerning body, as it is essential to grant faithfulnesss through by the population. We have these constabularys so tribe can non use m angiotensin converting enzymey or judicature agency to benefit themselves. The laws in addition establish that all(prenominal) person should check their and eitherone elses rights and obligations at heart the biotic community. The wicked arbiter strategy of rules, is a dodging of laws and rulings which protect community members and their property. Therefore, the laws determine which acts be savage and how the appaler is avengeed. (Sallmann, P. nd Wills, J. 1984 savage legal expert in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ) The criminal nicety carcass in Australia formed centuries ago, with new forms of penalizations added along the way. From accordingly till now Australian judges have interpreted, applied and developed these laws, the Australian parliaments have also added to them through jurisprudence. (Sallmann, P. and Wills, J. 1984 Criminal jurist in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ) Why we need a criminal umpire system There are three main divisions in criminal justice system, which exists of Police, Courts, and Corrections.Firstly, Police have the office to investigate and apprehend criminals. Secondly, Courts are responsible for fair trial and sentencing. Thirdly, Corrections are responsible for enslavement and supervision. The main purpose of this system is to manage unrestricted safety. In Australia we have nine legal systems, comprising 8 State or Territory systems and one federal system. Most of the administration of courts, the legal profession and legislation occurs in the States and Territories. Therefore, apiece State and Territory is responsible to carry out the laws and rulings for the criminal justice system. At torney-Generals incision (AGD) 1995, The judge Statement, AGD, Canberra. ) The criminal justice systems goals are to ensure that legislation and the law is upheld at all times. For example, protect the innocent, punishing the guilty, preserving order and peace and protecting victims from further anguish. Anformer(a) goal the criminal justice system let outms to be focusing on is education for the public regarding law-breaking and rehabilitation of offenders. This method is achieved by deterring offenders or counteracting crimes from spreading. Therefore, the goals of the criminal justice system are to balance criminal activity and crime revention. There is an teemingness of people, who think the criminal justice system is not really a system, and that it has always been flawed. It fails to de sufferr dead on target justice and is expensive and incompetent in determining cases. On the other hand there are m any(prenominal) people who firmly defend the system against such critic ism, viewing it as only needing minuscular change. As always, the truth lies slightlywhere in between the two arguments. The criminal justice system is offspring to continual criticism. Many of its qualities, such as the wearing of gowns and wigs, are seen to imitate a system which is outdated, concealing in old traditions and rocedures and out of touch with the society of today. As a society we need to understand that the police alone cant overcome all crimes therefore, it cant deal with every criminal. The criminal justice system introduced community based programs and institutions to help build safer communities. Examples of these programs and institutions are, Neighbourhood Watch and familiarity Corrections. Firstly, Neighbourhood Watch is a community based program, which aims to minimise crime within the community. This program requires most(prenominal) the community and the police gaining together to accomplish his goal. (Neighbourhood Watch, http//www. nhw. com. au/H ome) Secondly, Community Corrections is an institution which manages and supervises offenders on community based supervision orders such as Probation, free, Home Detention, Community Work and Bail. This institution requires the community, Courts and the Parole Board to all work together, to achieve the optimum leave alone. (Community Corrections http//www. nt. gov. au/justice/corr assistances/community_corrections/index. shtml) The criminal justice system is a complex social tree, the branches of this tree combine social and economic causes.It is often these other causes that determine the crimes committed and the response of the criminal justice system. These creators of crime can be sorted into two main groups environmental risk factors and individual risk factors. Environmental risk factors include the carnal, social, family, community, economic, cultural and semipolitical environments in which an individual lives For example, steeper rates of unemployment can have an impact on levels of crime, which in frolic will affect all sectors of the criminal justice system. Individual risk factors include mental and physical health status, demographic and ocioeconomic characteristics, attitudes and judgments, and lifestyles and behaviour. These individual risk factors must also be considered when looking at the broader condition of the criminal justice systems. (The National Criminal Justice Statistical Framework, Jul 2001. ) Various researches have addressed assorted outlooks to explain why some(prenominal) people have a criminal tendency. Examples of these outlooks are by Cesare Lombroso and Sigmund Freud. Firstly, Lombroso states that criminals have stigmata, and that these stigmata consist of abnormal dimensions of the skull and jaw.Lombroso even claimed that different criminals have different physical characteristics which he could discern. (Cesare Lombroso. (2009). Secondly, Sigmund Freud hypothesized that the most commonplace element that contribut ed to criminal behaviour was faulty identification by a child with her or his parents. The improperly socialized child may develop a personality disturbance that causes her or him to direct asocial impulses inward or outward. The child who directs them outward becomes a criminal, and the child that directs them inward becomes a neurotic. (Sigmund Freud (1961). ConclusionFor a society to work it needs to have a level of structure, that is applied and understood by everyone. Laws within the criminal justice system piss that structure and regulate the way in which people and organisations behave. If we did not have a criminal justice system, there would be a haul of chaos, within the systems of focus and crime control. Therefore, if there is no threat for penalty, the level of crime within the society could be relaxation high. The major goals in criminal justice tend to be creating a helping hand in reducing crime, through bringing major offences to justice, or raising the communi ties confidence.Along with others the justice system whole works towards preventing crime or helping offenders turn away from committing a crime. (Goldsmith, Israel and Daly 2006) Therefore, the criminal justice system is to create balance throughout society. We as a society need this system, to protect people within our communities from crime and preventing crime. Is the system fair? No. But the criminal justice system can only be as fair as human beings are capable of making it. References 1. Sallmann, P. and Wills, J. 1984 Criminal Justice in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. 2.Attorney-Generals Department (AGD) 1995, The Justice Statement, AGD, Canberra. 3. (Neighbourhood Watch, http//www. nhw. com. au/Home) 4. (Community Corrections http//www. nt. gov. au/justice/corrservices/community _corrections/index. shtml) 5. The National Criminal Justice Statistical Framework, Jul 2001. 6. Cesare Lombroso. (2009). New World Encyclopaedia. 7. Freud, S. (1961). The Complete W orks of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19). London Hogarth. 8. Goldsmith, Israel and Daly 2006, criminal offense and Justice An Australian standard in Criminology (third Edition) Sydney Lawbook Company.Why Do We as a Society Need a Criminal Justice System?WHY DO WE AS A SOCIETY NEED A CRIMINAL jurist SYSTEM? Introduction The criminal justice system is comprised of a basic formation, the law enforcement agencies, the courts, and the correctional services. This system has existed since ancient times and although the three facilities havent completely been replaced over the centuries, there has been a lot of change and amendment to how the system is used to investigate, deter, and spare order and control in todays society.It is a fundamental part of our society and we know that comprehensive, utile, and nondiscriminatory implementation of criminal justice system causes is essential to windup violence, both for freeing individual and for ending the worldwide epidemic of violence against one other.Although the system has evolved over the years to adjust and accommodate people of different status, class and provide a multicultural diorama to society, just as any other system there will always be some impediments and inconsistencies such as, financial restraints, inequality, selective law enforcement and public influence such as media ideas and images of crime. Why we need a criminal justice system It would be unrealistic of people in society to opine every crime could be prevented and every criminal caught and incarcerated.Its however not unrealistic to expect to live in a safe society that is provided with equality, fairness, and is reliable and respected. Without the criminal justice system the entire society would disintegrate and it would be overrun with crime and wrong doing. The law enforcement, the courts and the correctional arms of the system each take on a responsibility to follow procedures laid down by the government, who determine what society needs more or little of at any particular time.From the data below (Government expenditure by sector 2004-2005) we can quite clearly see how the criminal justice system has changed in order to meet the needs of society this is an example of how the government prioritises the needs of society at any particular time. The education sector of the map is openly the highest in priority which shows that government is now seek a different perspective as was used years ago by now educating the public and society on how to help prevent crime themselves and teaching parents how to help prevent their children from deviating against them, and becoming another statistic.Coming in second to education is the health expenditure which shows that there is quite a high need for medical and health attention for those that come in contact with the criminal justice system. The government is becoming more conscious of the need for chances of rehabilitation for mentally ill and suicidal persons, where these mil itary issues are not now seen as a crime but now as a personal issue and the government is now taking it extremely seriously the need for a solution and not punishment to their mental states which may have led them to their criminal ways instead of punishing them for their illness.As we see community services are the next most important thing the government is seeing as a need in the criminal justice system. The law enforcement, courts and correctional facilities only deal with the law and order in society and maintaining social control, but without the community services (Eg Housing, education, financial services, legal services) the people going into and coming out of the criminal justice system would have nowhere to go for nourish. The community services is a crucial element to the criminal justice system for the individuals of crime, the families and everyone affected, by providing the additional support needed.The system for punishment has changed many times over the decades t he criminal justice system has been around, from corporal punishment (whipping, removing of hands for theft and even execution), to lighter punishments such as community services, probationary periods, and parole for less serious offences to prison terms for more severe offences. The less serious of offences such as vandalism by a juvenile will more than likely obtain a community service punishment to remove or fix the damage caused there by ridding the community of the vandalism and educating the convicted, in turn the convicted is less likely to reoffend.So in most cases such as theft, vandalism, and minor round out cases, if the case is finalised in court by conviction (typically by a defendants entering a invocation of guilty to the offence or to a less serious offence), the defendant may receive a non incarceration sentence such as parole, community service or probation. From this narrowing of cases Daly et al. (2006) p 275 anchor from a large number experienced by victims t o a trickle of defendants convicted and sanctioned has the appearance of a funnel and saves resources and space in prisons and other correctional facilities for the more serious defendants.As the above pie chart (Composition of government expenditure on criminal justice 2006-2007) shows us the police services are at the head position of the overall expenditure of the three arms of the criminal justice system. The government is aware of the vast need for more funds into the policing sector, for the fact this arm is the division that provides the law and order and is out there addressing the issues that are affecting society and apprehending the criminals in, to ensure the criminal justice system continues to function in a fair and equally sufficing way.The police have moved to further advance their policing techniques, from general law enforcement to Community policing, which focuses more on conciliatory rather than a coercive approach to police work, which involves the community and individuals in playing a co-participatory role in the act of crime prevention. In refinement the overall principle of the criminal justice system is to provide justice for everyone in society and to keep society safe and in order by convicting the criminals and rehabilitating them not to offend again, and to support them as the get into society.The criminal justice system works with other organisations to help prevent crime and bring those who to offend to justice and also educating society and keeping them involved in ways they can help. Even with the inconsistencies and impediments, without a criminal justice system, societies all over the world would be overrun with chaos and society would surrender to function. In order to keep society smooth running and the people safe maintenance of the criminal justice system is vital for social order and control. References Composition of government expenditure on criminal justice image (2006-2007).Retrieved 26 declination 2011, from ht tp//www. aic. gov. au/statistics/criminaljustice. aspx Daly, Kathleen Israel, Mark Goldsmith, Andrew John. (2006) Crime and Justice A guide to criminology, 3rd Ed. Sydney Lawbook Co. Ch. 13 Daly, Kathleen, Aims of the Criminal Justice system p275 Government expenditure by sector image (2004-2005). Retrieved 26 December 2011, from http//www. aic. gov. au/statistics/criminaljustice. aspx Perrone, S. , White, R. (2010) Crime Criminality Criminal Justice (1st Ed. ) Oxford Oxford University PressWhy Do We as a Society Need a Criminal Justice System?Why do we (as a society) need a criminal justice system? Everyday, society is the respondent to rules and procedures that shape the way we interact with one another. Perhaps the most defining rules and procedures are those that deal with criminality and criminal justice. This paper will first of all look at the goals of the criminal justice system and how the criminal justice system tries to achieve them. Secondly, this canvass will exami ne how the criminal justice system functions and whether this is effective in achieving the goals it develops out.Perhaps the most obvious goal of the criminal justice system is to respond to crime. This goal is fulfilled through the apprehension of those who root for crimes, and the subsequent punishment of these offenders. However, when looking at the full scope of the functions of the criminal justice system, it further aims to prevent crime and promote personal and community safety (Pink, 2007). In summary, the basic function of the criminal justice system is social control (Bryett, Crasswell, Harrison, Arch, & Shaw, 1993).Social controls dictate what behaviours are acceptable in society, so as to ensure the best interests of society as a whole are maintained (Bryette, et. al. , 1993). date the criminal justice system is not the only form of social control, it is perhaps the most obvious white-tie control. The government criminalizes activities and behaviours that are deemed to be harmful to society. This government then gives the criminal justice system the force and resources to enforce these laws and punish those who do not conform (Bryett, et al. , 1993).This formal control is used to reinforce slack social controls such as family, education, peers and mass media which, on their own are generally quite effective social controls. However, liberal controls alone cannot be relied upon to enforce criminal justice processes, therefore the state imposes the powers of the criminal justice system to regulate society. The Australian criminal justice system is based on the belief that all people are treated equally in the eyes of the law. Concepts such as disengagement of powers, judicial precedent and fair procedures are key to the Australian riminal justice system (http//www. dfat. gov. au/facts/legal-systems. html). In Australia, each state and territory governs its own set of criminal laws, enforcement, adjudicative and correctional systems (Earle, S arre, & Tomaino, 1999), with the federal government making laws on trade and commerce, taxation, defense, external affairs, and immigration and citizenship (http//www. dfat. gov. au/facts/legal-systems. html). While there are some central legal themes, this arrangement leads to differing definitions of offences and appropriate sentencing (Earle, Sarre, & Tomaino, 1999).Each of these state and federal governments are comprised of 3 develop branches of government legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative arm of the government makes laws, while the executive government administers the laws, and the judiciary severally interprets these laws and applies them (http//www. dfat. gov. au/facts/legal-systems. html). This concept is known as the separation of powers, and was employed to prevent one group having the power to be judge, jury and executioner in the criminal justice process (Hayes & Prenzler, 2009).The criminal justice system is also made up of three core elements polic e, courts and corrections. Police are the first response in the criminal justice system and are responsible for crime prevention and detection, maintaining public order and providing fate assistance. They are also responsible for apprehending suspects to be processed through the next phase of the criminal justice system, the courts (Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). It is the role of the criminal courts to adjudicate cases brought before them.It is here that the guilt or innocence of the defendant is intractable (Pink, 2007). If guilt is found, the defendant is moved on to the corrective services, which administers the sentence brought down by the court. This can result in being taken into custody, community work, or rehabilitation (Pink, 2007). While these three systems are attached to each other, they also have their own agendas, leading many to query the phrase criminal justice system (Daly, 2006). Daly (2006) describes an accurate definition for the term system as a collection of inte rdependent agencies, each having its own function. Prenzler & Sarre (2009) note that the current criminal justice system shows very little systematic or authoritative co-ordination between the various agencies. This is mainly due to the fact that these agencies have differing aims. For example, the police perform obligatory duties to capture and detain suspects, while the courts work to protect the rights of the defendant, in some cases going so outlying(prenominal) as to discredit the police if they fail to follow correct procedures (Daly, 2006).These differences sometimes lead to what is seen to be delicate sentencing, and can reduce public confidence in the criminal justice system (Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). However, while some people may believe that the components of the criminal justice system as we know it are unconnected and in some cases inefficient, the alternative would not protect people from the abuses of state power (Daly, 2006) through corruption, yield and a monop oly of power.As stated earlier, the aim of the criminal justice system is to prevent crime, respond to crime, punish crime and protect the community in a fair and just manor to all people. While the phrase criminal justice system may cause debate about its accuracy in defining the criminal justice process that Australia adheres to, the concept of the criminal justice system is important to achieving the goals that it has set out. In fact, the same notion that encourages people to report that the criminal justice system is not a system, is the very notion that allows the criminal justice system carry out its objectives.The criminal justice system as we know it is a strong formal social control and, in conjunction with informal social controls, is essential to provide a moral and democratic society. References Australian Government Department of distant Affairs and Trade. (2011). About Australia. Retrieved 20 December 2011 from http//www. dfat. gov. au/facts/legal_systems. html Bryet t, K. , Crasswell, E. , Harrison, Arch, & Shaw, J. (1993). An Introduction to Policing Vol 1 Criminal Justice in Australia. Sydney Butterworths. Daly, K. , Isreal, M. , & Goldsmith, A.J. (2006). Crime and Justice A Guide to Criminology (3rd Ed. ). Sydney Lawbook Co. Prenzler, T. & Sarre, R. (2009). The Criminal Justice System. In H. Hayes. , & T. Prenzler. (Ed. ). (2009). An Introduction to Crime and Criminology (2nd Ed. ). New South Wales Pearson Education Australia. Pink, B. (2007). National Criminal Justice Statistical Framework. Canberra Australian self-assurance of Statistics. Sarre, R. , & Tomaino, J. A. (1999). Exploring Criminal Justice Contemporary Australian Themes. Adelaide South Australian Institute of Justice Studies.